What is shown on the map - the routes of the most important journeys. I was there! Five travel mapping services

A person is always driven by curiosity. Thousands of years ago, discoverers, going further and further into unknown lands, created the first semblances of geographical maps, trying to put the relief they saw on sheets of papyrus or clay tablets.

Probably the oldest map found is from the Egyptian Museum in Turin, made on papyrus by order of Pharaoh Ramses IV in 1160 BC. e. This map was used by an expedition that, on the orders of the pharaoh, was looking for stone for construction. The map familiar to our eyes appeared in ancient Greece half a thousand years BC. Anaximander of Miletus is considered the first cartographer to create a map of the world known at that time.

The originals of his maps have not survived, but 50 years later they were restored and improved by another scientist from Miletus, Hecataeus. Scientists have recreated this map based on the descriptions of Hecataeus. It is easy to recognize the Mediterranean and Black Seas and nearby lands. But is it possible to determine distances from it? This requires a scale that was not yet available on ancient maps. For a unit of measurement of length, Hecataeus used “days of sailing” on the sea and “days of marching” on dry land, which, of course, did not add accuracy to the maps.

Ancient geographical maps also had other significant shortcomings. They distorted the image, because a spherical surface cannot be turned onto a plane without distortion. Try to carefully remove the orange peel and press it to the table surface: you won’t be able to do this without tearing. In addition, they did not have a degree grid of parallels and meridians, without which it is impossible to accurately determine the location of the object. Meridians first appeared on the map of Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC. e., however, they were carried out through different distances. It was not for nothing that Eratosthenes was called the “Father of Geography” as a mathematician among geographers. The scientist not only measured the size of the Earth, but also used a cylindrical projection to depict it on the map. In this projection there is less distortion because the image is transferred from the ball to the cylinder. Modern maps created in different projections - cylindrical, conical, azimuthal and others.

The most perfect maps of the ancient era are considered to be the geographical maps of Ptolemy, who lived in the 2nd century AD. e. in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. Claudius Ptolemy entered the history of science thanks to two large works: the “Manual of Astronomy” in 13 books and the “Manual of Geography”, which consisted of 8 books. 27 maps were added to the Geography Manual, among them a detailed map of the world. No one created a better one either before Ptolemy or 12 centuries after him! This map already had a degree grid. To create it, Ptolemy determined the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) of almost four hundred objects. The scientist determined latitude (distance from the equator in degrees) by the altitude of the Sun at noon using a gnomon, longitude (degree distance from the prime meridian) by the difference in the time of observations of the lunar eclipse from different points.

IN medieval Europe The works of ancient scientists were forgotten, but they were preserved in the Arab world. There, Ptolemy's maps were published in the 15th century and reprinted almost 50 more times! Perhaps it was these maps that helped Columbus on his famous voyage. Ptolemy's authority grew so much that even collections of maps were called "Ptolemies" for a long time. It was only in the 16th century, after the publication of Gerardus Mercator’s Atlas of the World, on the cover of which Atlas was depicted holding the Earth, that collections of maps were called “atlases.”

IN Ancient China They also created geographical maps. Interestingly, the first written mention of a geographical map is not related to geography. In the 3rd century BC. e. The Chinese throne was occupied by the Qin dynasty. A rival in the struggle for power, Crown Prince Dan sent an assassin to the ruler of the dynasty with a map of his lands drawn on silk fabric. The mercenary hid a dagger in a bundle of silk. History tells that the assassination attempt failed.

During the era of Great Geographical Discoveries, images of America and Australia, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Errors on maps often resulted in tragedy for sailors. Having explored the shores of Alaska, the large Kamchatka expedition of Vitus Bering in the 18th century did not have time to return to Kamchatka by the beginning of the autumn storms. The dreamer Bering spent three weeks of precious time searching for the mapped but non-existent Land of Gama. His sailing ship "St. Peter", broken, with sailors dying of scurvy, landed on a deserted island, where the famous Commander rested forever. “My blood boils every time,” wrote one of Bering’s assistants, “when I remember the shameless deception caused by an error on the map.”

Today, cartography is completely transferred to digital format. To create detailed maps, not only ground-based geodetic instruments are used - theodolite, level, but also airborne laser scanning, satellite navigation, and digital aerial photography.

Illustration: depositphotos.com | Kuzmafoto

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It is impossible to determine when a person made the first map. It is only known that many millennia BC, man already knew the area around him well and knew how to depict it on sand or tree bark. These cartographic images served to indicate migration routes, hunting places, etc.

As the economy and cultural needs of people developed, their horizons expanded. Many more hundreds of years passed. People, in addition to hunting and fishing, began to engage in cattle breeding and agriculture. This new, higher level of culture was reflected in the drawings and plans. They become more detailed, more expressive, and more accurately convey the character of the area.

One of the ancient images hunting ground of the North Caucasus. It is engraved on silver approximately 3 thousand years BC. e., i.e. about 5 thousand years ago. The picture shows a lake and rivers flowing into it, flowing from a mountain range. Animals that lived in those days on the slopes of the Caucasus Mountains or in the valleys are also depicted.

This most valuable cultural monument of the ancient inhabitants of our country was found by scientists during excavations of one of the mounds on the bank of the river. Kuban near the city of Maykop.

Under the slave system in the ancient world, the compilation of geographical maps reached great development. The Greeks established the sphericity of the Earth and its dimensions, introduced it into science map projections, meridians and parallels.

One of the most famous scientists of the ancient world, geographer and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria (at the mouth of the Nile River) in the 2nd century, compiled detailed map A land like no one had ever created before.

This map depicts three parts of the world - Europe, Asia and Libya (as Africa was then called), as well as the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and other seas. The map already has a degree grid. Ptolemy introduced this grid to more correctly depict the spherical shape of the Earth on the map. The rivers, lakes, peninsulas of Europe and North Africa known at that time are shown quite accurately on Ptolemy’s map.

If you compare Ptolemy’s map with a modern one, it is easy to notice that areas located far from the Mediterranean Sea, that is, known to Ptolemy only by rumor, received fantastic outlines.

What is especially striking is that Asia is not depicted in its entirety. Ptolemy did not know where it ended in the north and east. He also did not know about the existence of the Arctic and Pacific oceans. Africa continues on the map to the South Pole and turns into some kind of land connecting to Asia in the east. Ptolemy did not know that Africa ends in the south and is washed by the ocean. He also did not know about the existence of independent continents - America, Antarctica and Australia. Ptolemy depicted the Indian Ocean as a closed sea, into which it was impossible to sail on ships from Europe. And yet in ancient world and in subsequent centuries, until the 15th century, no one compiled best card world than Ptolemy.

Ancient Egyptian map of gold mines, the so-called Turin papyrus. The map is a combination of a plan drawing and a profile one. This is a cartographic technique used until the 18th century. Mountains are shown in profile. The plan shows: a gold-bearing vein; a temple consisting of two halls and adjacent rooms; settlement of mine workers; ore washing basin.

The Romans made extensive use of maps for administrative and military purposes; they drew up road maps.

During the Middle Ages, the achievements of ancient science were forgotten for a long time. The Church entered into a fierce struggle with scientific ideas about the structure and origin of the world.

In schools, fables were taught about the creation of the world by God in six days, about the global flood, about heaven and hell. The idea that the Earth was spherical was considered “heretical” by churchmen and was strictly persecuted. The idea of ​​the Earth took on a completely fantastic form. In the VI century. The Byzantine merchant - monk Cosmas Indicoplov depicted the Earth in the shape of a rectangle.

The main type of maps is becoming rough, far from reality and devoid of a scientific basis, “monastery maps”. They indicate the decline of cartography in medieval Europe. During this period, many small closed states arose in Europe. With a subsistence economy, these feudal states did not need connections with the outside world.

By the end of the Middle Ages, trade and navigation began to develop in European cities, and art and science began to flourish.

In the XIII-XIV centuries. In Europe, a compass and marine navigation charts, the so-called portolans, appeared.

These maps depicted the coastline in detail and very accurately, while the interior parts of the continents remained empty or were filled with pictures from the life of the peoples inhabiting them.

The era of great geographical discoveries created the conditions for the rise of cartographic science: navigators needed a good, truthful geographical map. In the 16th century more appeared correct cards, built in new map projections.

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“Great geographical discoveries of modern times” - Great - At the feet of a pedestrian, And a droplet point - In the Universe. Pharaohs. Cook????????? 2. The ancient Egyptians built majestic... Kuk. Columbus. The Earth spins from sunrise to sunrise. Columbus's landing on the shores of America. And castles. Ancient Rome. Christopher Columbus. 1519 - 1522. New century- the age of technical inventions.

“The Age of Discovery” - What is the significance of the Age of Discovery? James Cook 1768 Marco Polo 13th century. Routes important travels. Vasco Balboa 1513 Age of Great Geographical Discoveries. Answer the questions: Ferdinand Magellan 1520 Normans (Vikings) 10th century. Abdel Tasman 1644 Vasco da Gama May 20, 1498

"Discoveries" - Destruction virtual world churches. The invisible hand of the market. Sugar, cotton, coffee, and cocoa were cultivated. Humanism was the most important ideological prerequisite for nationalism. The result of the Great Geographical Discoveries and the beginning of the 15th - mid-17th centuries. Thus, in 1640 the first English fortress was founded in. India - Fort St.

"Discovery of the Earth" - One of the most famous explorers in Africa. Fridtjof Nansen is one of the greatest Norwegian travelers. Give examples of the connection between physical and economic geography? During the lesson, complete the following table. F. Nansen. F. Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world. News of the Spanish discovery of new lands in the west stimulated the efforts of the Portuguese.

"The Story of the Discovery of the Earth" - Satellite (MODIS) photograph of the Strait of Magellan. Primitive people and nature. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, portrait by an unknown artist of the 16th century. IGDA/G. Ferdinand Magellan. Washington. Antonio Pigafetta. Middle Ages. Columbus's name on the world map. In 1519-21 he led a Spanish expedition to find a western route to the Moluccas.

“Development of Russian territories” - Geographical objects studied and discovered from the 11th to 20th centuries. Tests for verification. B) to the third. B) Siberia, Ural Mountains, Irtysh, Ob. B) XIX-XX centuries. B) to the fifth. Geographical objects studied and discovered from the 11th to 20th centuries. A) Chilly Sea, Murmansk coast, Karelian coast. Questions to check. How the territory of Russia was developed and studied.

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Key dates.Traveler's name.His contribution to the development of geographical knowledge about the territory of Russia.
1.1620-1623 (way to the East) - to Chukotka and Kamchatka.Panteley Demidovich Penda.Discoverer of the Lena River. Penda climbed the Yenisei from Turukhanskado to the Lower Tunguska, then walked for three years to its upper reaches. He reached the Chechuysky portage, crossed the portage, sailed down the Lena River to the city of Yakutsk, to the mouth of the Kulenga, then through the Buryat steppe to the Angara, where, having boarded a ship, he arrived in Turukhansk through Yeniseisk.
2.1639-1640 Ivan Moskvitin.He was the first European to reach the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. He was the first to visit Sakhalin. The coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk for 1300 km, Udskaya Bay, Sakhalin Bay, Amur Estuary, the mouth of the Amur and Sakhalin Island was discovered and surveyed.
3.1628-1655Pyotr Beketov.Voivode, explorer of Siberia. The founder of a number of Siberian cities, such as Yakutsk, Chita, Nerchinsk. In 1628-1629 he took part in campaigns along the Angara. I walked a lot along the tributaries of the Lena. He founded several sovereign forts on the Yenisei, Lena and Transbaikalia.
4.1641-1652 Mikhail Vasilievich Stadukhin.Russian explorerresearcher North Eastern Siberia, one of the first to reach the Kolyma, Anadyr, Penzhina and Gizhiga rivers and the northern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. He was the first to cross the Oymyakon Plateau.At the beginning of the summer of 1643, Stadukhin descended the Indigirkek Sea and headed east. In July 1643 he opened the mouth of the Kolyma and going up the river to the middle reaches, he discovered the Kolyma Lowland.
5.1630-1635 Vasily Ermolaevich Bugor.In 1630-1635 Vasily Bugor discovered new lands in Siberia and the Far East, identified a significant part of the Lena basin, traced its entire course (4400 km), as well as a number of tributaries.
6.1633-1634 Ivan Rebrov.In 1633-1634 explorers led by Ivan Rebrovwent along the Lena River to the Arctic Ocean. Expedition Rebrova was the first to descend to the mouth of the Lena, opening Olenyoksky Baywith the Olenok River (1634)
7.1643-1646 Vasily Poyarkov.Russian explorer, Cossack. Discoverer of the Middle and Lower Amur. In 1643-1646 he led a detachment that was the first Russian to penetrate the Amur River basin, discover the Zeya River, and the Zeya Plain. He collected valuable information about the nature and population of the Amur region.
8.1649-1653 Erofey Khabarov.B1649-53 made a trip along the Amur from where the Urka River flows into it to the very lower reaches. As a result of his expedition, the Amur indigenous population accepted Russian citizenship. He often acted by force, which left him with a bad reputation among the indigenous population.
9.1648-1649 Semyon Dezhnev.Cossack ataman, explorer, traveler, sailor, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia. Participated in the discovery of Kolyma as part of Stadukhin’s detachment. From Kolyma, on kochakhs, he walked along the Arctic Ocean along the northern coast of Chukotka. 80 years before Vitus Bering, the first European in 1648 passed the (Bering) Strait separating Chukotka and Alaska.
10.1648Popov Fedot Alekseevich.Russian trader, organizer and expedition participant1648, which opened the strait (Bering Strait) between Asia and North America , from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.
11. 1696-1697 Vladimir Atlasov.Experienced polar explorer. ABOUT organized an expedition to explore Kamchatka at the beginning of 1697. Atlasov was not the discoverer of Kamchatka, but he was the first Russian to walk the entire peninsula from north to south and west to east. He drew up a detailed map of his journey. His report contained detailed information about the climate, flora and fauna. For the annexation of Kamchatka to Russia, Vladimir Atlasov, by government decision, was appointed clerk there.

Travel technologies. Maps of countries and routes May 26th, 2013

People are vain. Bloggers are even more vain. They are measured by places in the top, social capital and other attributes of success in virtual life. Well, travel bloggers are triply vain. They have the opportunity to compete in the number of countries and cities visited, in kilometers of routes and flights. Fortunately, the Internet is full of all kinds of services that allow you to visualize and count your tourism achievements. The main such tool is travel maps. I do not set out to review sites and programs that allow you to map your travels. There are a lot of them. I’ll only tell you about those that I use myself.

Although I am not a blogger or a traveler, curiosity and vanity are not alien to me. I also try to keep travel statistics and maps are my favorite tool for this.

In this post, I will limit myself to post-facto travel mapping (mapping routes that have already been taken). Maps used online during trips (both paper and electronic), navigation and construction of routes online are a topic for a separate discussion.

Maps of countries visited

The most global map, available to a tourist or traveler, unless, of course, he has gone to Mars - a map of visited countries. Such a map usually also serves as a counter, indicating the number of countries.

You can find at least a dozen sites that allow you to create such a map interactively and provide a code to insert into your page, for example, in LiveJournal.

They differ in ease of use, graphics and, most importantly, in their approach to the number of countries. Some consider only officially recognized independent states, some include territories with a special status (for example, Hong Kong and Macau), while others cannot find some little-known countries like my beloved Kiribati.

I use the very first service that appeared on the Internet (http://douweosinga.com), which generates the simplest graphical map (1):

This service only counts “official” countries, of which I have accumulated 61.

Another version of the map - from http://bighugelabs.com - looks good, but adds Hong Kong, Macau and the Åland Islands (2):

The most attractive in terms of graphics, but not the most convenient for inserting into your website, is the map from http://www.ammap.com/ (3):

Maps of visited regions by country

This type of map allows you to shade visited regions on a world or country map. This makes sense, first of all, for large countries with a federal structure, which is why such services are available for the USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil, and Russia.

For Russia, such maps can be built using at least two services - www.visited.ru and http://xtalk.msk.su/rusmap/.

Maps of visited places and cities

Some services allow you to combine countries visited and places visited. True, the choice of locations remains the privilege of the service’s authors and is not always clear.

RunKeeper draws routes in GoogleMaps and saves them on its website in the user's account.

For example, here is a map of a 12-kilometer walking tour in Riga from RunKeeper with additional information(time, pace, calories, terrain and pace chart) (15):

And this is GPS tracking of a 16 km long walk through San Francisco (16):

The only big drawback of RunKeeper is its buggy nature. During long routes, it often freezes and does not allow you to record the entire route. However, this may not be due to the application, but to its carrier.

Rail route maps

I have not found a suitable service for these purposes. I built a map of my railway routes in Google Maps Engine, without worrying too much about the accuracy of the display railways. On a small scale it looks like this (17):

Air travel maps and databases

Here, unlike the railway, there are several good services that allow you to maintain a database of air travel and display them on the map. I use Flight Memory (http://www.flightmemory.com) and Open Flights (http://openflights.org/). One of them is better suited for maintaining a flight database, and the other is better at building maps. Luckily, Flight Memory data can be imported into Open Flights.

Both services allow you to maintain a database of air travel and generate a lot of interesting statistics and flight maps.

Here, for example, are my general flight statistics for 2010-2012 (I was too lazy to enter earlier flights) from Flight Memory (18):

And here are the statistics on airports, airlines, aircraft, routes (19):

Flight Memory generates individual cards for domestic and international flights, which in my opinion is inconvenient. This is what my map of international flights for 2010-12 looks like from Flight Memory (20):

The map from Open Flights seems to me to be better in terms of graphics and it does not divide flights into domestic and international. My 2012 flight map (21):

Questions

With all the variety of services for creating maps of routes and travel, there are no ideal tools. In this regard, several questions remain.

Are there any universal services for maintaining travel statistics with routes and maps - similar to Flight Memory, but for any type of movement?

Are there specialized services for building routes by rail and sea?

Well, I will be glad to any advice on the topic.

Good luck satisfying your curiosity and vanity. The cards have been dealt.