How to make a bird from triangles and quadrangles. New: Games
七巧板
Before the advent of computer games and the rapid development of board games, one of the main entertainments for most children and many adults was the tangram puzzle game. The basic element of the tangram is tans, which are obtained by cutting a square into seven geometric shapes. From them you can put together a large number of different shapes (animals, birds, tools, furniture, household items, etc.). The game helps develop logical thinking and geometric intuition.
Tangram
It is likely that the word "tangram" comes from the word "Tan" (which means "Chinese") and the root "gram" (translated from Greek as "letter").
Literally the word tangram means "seven planks of mastery". This is a puzzle consisting of seven flat figures, which are folded in a certain way to obtain another, more complex figure (depicting a person, animal, household item, letter or number, etc.).
In China, the name “Tangram” is unknown, but the game has a name"CHI-CHAO-TYU", which translates to "Ingenious Pattern of Seven Parts", and the term "Tangram" was first used in 1848 by Thomas Hill, the future president of Harvard University, in the brochure "Puzzles for Teaching Geometry".
The history of the tangram
The most common version of the appearance of the game "Tangram" is the version created by C. Lloyd and described by him in the book “The Eighth Book of Tan” (1903).Samuel (Sam) Lloyd(English Samuel Loyd, January 31, 1841) - American chess player, chess composer and author of puzzles.
“In the notes of the late Professor Challenor, which fell into the hands of the author,” Loyd asserted, “there is information that seven books on tangrams, each containing exactly a thousand figures, were compiled in China more than 4,000 years ago.
According to Loyd's legend, Tang was a legendary Chinese sage who was worshiped as a deity by his countrymen. He arranged the figures in his seven books according to the seven stages in the evolution of the Earth. His tangrams begin with symbolic images of chaos and the principle of “yin and yang”. Then follow the simplest forms of life, as we move along the evolutionary tree, figures of fish, birds, animals and humans appear. Along the way, in various places you come across images of what was created by man: tools, furniture, clothing and architectural structures.
LEGEND 1.
more than 4,000 thousand years ago, a porcelain tile fell out of a builder’s hands and broke into seven pieces. In a hurry, frustrated, he tried to fold it, but every time he didn’t get a square. This activity turned out to be so fascinating that subsequently the square made up of seven geometric shapes was called the Board of Wisdom.
LEGEND 2.
Many believe that the tangram appeared during the Ming Dynasty from a type of furnitureyanjitu, which originated in the Song Empire, but the first mention of it is found in a Chinese book of 1813 during the reign of Emperor Jiaqing.
Its appearance in the West dates back to the beginning of the 19th century, when in 1802 the Chinese gave the son of an American shipowner an ivory tangram in a silk case.
Mention of tangram in literature
In the book by L. Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) “A Fashionable Chinese Puzzle,” the author writes that tangram was the favorite game of Napoleon, who, having lost his throne, spent long hours in exile playing this game, “exercising his patience and resourcefulness.”Photos of the set Napoleon used are contained in Jerry Slocum's book, The Tangram Book.
The entire plot of the book by the famous writer and diplomat Robert van Gulik in the novel “Killing with Nails” is built around the tangram.
Rules of the game
1. Each assembled figure all seven elements must be included.2. When composing figures, elements should not overlap each other.
3. The elements of the figures must be adjacent to one another.
Creating a Tangram
M. Gardner: “The charm of tangram lies in the simplicity of the material and in its seeming unsuitability for creating figures with aesthetic appeal”
I'll tell you one of the legends about the tangram.
“Almost two and a half thousand years ago, the middle-aged Emperor of China gave birth to a long-awaited son and heir. Years passed. The boy grew up healthy and smart beyond his years. One thing bothered the old emperor: his son, the future ruler of a huge country, did not want to study. the greatest pleasure is to play with toys all day long. The emperor called to him three wise men, one of whom was famous as a mathematician, the other was famous as an artist, and the third was a famous philosopher, and ordered them to come up with a game, by playing with which, his son would comprehend the principles of mathematics, learn. look at the world around us with the gaze of an artist, would become patient, like a true philosopher, and would understand that often complex things consist of simple things. Three wise men came up with "Shi-Chao-Tyu" - a square cut into seven parts.
With a tangram, a child will learn to think logically, analyze images, highlighting geometric shapes, visually break an entire object into parts and vice versa. This game develops imagination, combinatorial abilities, attention, visual-figurative thinking, the ability to work according to instructions, quick wits, ingenuity, as well as perseverance and fine motor skills. This oldest of puzzles integrates areas of development such as mathematics, art, and speech!
"Tangram" literally means "seven tablets of mastery." The name "tangram" originated in Europe, most likely from the word "tan" (meaning "Chinese") and the root "gram" (translated from Greek as "letter").
There are legends about the seven books of the sage Tan, which contain thousands of figures. He arranged the figures in his seven books according to the seven stages in the evolution of the Earth. His tangrams begin with symbolic images of chaos and the principle of “yin and yang.” Then follow the simplest forms of life, as we move along the evolutionary tree, figures of fish, birds, animals and humans appear. Along the way, in various places you come across images of what was created by man: tools, furniture, clothing and architectural structures. Indeed, the most complex things consist of simple things!
Ronald Reed, in his book Tangrams: 330 Puzzles, encouraged readers to submit any other pieces. In response, approximately 6.13 million possible configurations were proposed, each with at least one vertex and at least one side of any part matching the vertex and side of another part. In this puzzle game, amateurs challenge professionals and everyone can win!
how our foreign colleagues introduce the guys to the game. Using this video, turning off English, I tell the children the legend about the origin of the game. Later, the guys and I repeat the figures from the legend and create our own illustrated book about tangram.
Tangram rules
The player's task in the educational game "Tangram" is to put together figures from puzzle pieces so that, firstly, all parts of the puzzle are used, and, secondly, the parts do not overlap each other. The figures can be turned over in any way you like, placed on any side. (Secret: you need to start by finding the location of the largest triangle.)
The real puzzle is the Tangram paradoxes.
The paradox is this: using the entire set each time, you can add two figures, one of which will be a subset of the other.
Dudeney's paradox: two monks, one has a leg and the other does not.
Lloyd's paradox: a square and a square with a cut corner, consisting of the same seven parts of a tangram.
Tangram game options
Option 1: The simplest one. If the child is small, invite him to create a figure by superimposing elements on a sample divided into component parts.
Option 2: If you have figured out the first one, then you can compose figures according to the example, that is, the picture is in front of you, and you compose the elements according to the model, divided into parts.
Option 3: You can leave only outlines in the figure on the sample.
Option 4: The actual creative task is to come up with and put together a figure yourself.
Educational game tasks for children 3-6 years old
For children 3-4 years old, a rather difficult task will be to apply tangram figures to a ready-made sample (answer) of the puzzle. At the same time, children need to compare the size and shape of the figures, find the correct position, and accurately place the figure on the hint base, which is not as easy as it seems. Naturally, the figures on the card must exactly match the sizes of the toy figures.
The same tasks should be used with older children, at the beginning of their acquaintance with this educational game. It is enough to give two or three such tasks and, if the child copes with them easily, you can move on to more complex tasks.
Educational game tasks for children 5-8 years old
Children of this age will be able to put together models from tangram figures next to the answer card. In this case, the card may not match actual sizes tangram details. As soon as the child can easily cope with such tasks, you can move on to the next stage.
Educational game tasks for children aged seven years and older.
Actually, this is where “Tangram” becomes a puzzle game. The child is asked to assemble the model, presenting only a card with the silhouette of the figure. At seven years old, children will be able to cope with such a task only if they have already played easier versions before.
Let's make a tangram ourselves:
The material for such a puzzle can be not only cardboard, but also porous rubber, a hard office folder or a plastic DVD box.
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Here you can find several printable puzzle options
How to play?
- buy sets with coloring books, pictures, poems and riddles. The drawing next to each diagram helps the child see what he has assembled from the tangram and thereby contributes to the development of imagination.
- video from classes and tasks for children;
- schemes from neposed.net;
- interactive game;
- MK stamps "Tangram":
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- Making a paper tangram on the road, for example, is as easy as shelling pears:
- Tangram from thermo mosaic:
- Sponge tangram for bath games:
This idea using kitchen cellulose napkins is from my friendly blog by Veronica Scirius, “Mom Plays, Kids Learn.”
- Wall decor stickers are a very affordable idea for decorating rooms:
For games with a giant tangram, a floor version of the game made from a sheet of cardboard is suitable for us:
- Tangram in printed board games (game descriptions in English):
card game
card game "Happy Family"
Memory:
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- Online game for training visual memory. You need to hover over the buttons to open the pictures and select a picture that is not repeated. Meanwhile, the mouse makes its way to the cheese.
- Tasks with geometric shapes
- one large square,
- Is it possible or impossible to make a square from two parts? Of the three? Out of four?
-square, without using triangles,
-trapezoid without using a square,
-rectangle, using all 7 parts, but not the square,
-Is it possible to form a triangle using only two parts?
tangram? Three parts? Five parts? Six parts? All seven parts
tangram?
Fold a triangle using the four tangram pieces:
a) one large triangle, two small triangles and a square;b) one large triangle, two small triangles and a paral lelogram;
c) one large triangle, one middle triangle
and two small triangles.
See an example of a printed foreign assignment package
- Tasks for two, with two sets of puzzles, are a great way to teach teamwork:
Fold a flower from two tangrams,
Both players take 4 pieces and form a triangle:
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- Puzzles on one page and answers on another, like on this site, will give you the opportunity to calmly rack your brains,
- Graphic dictations.
Schemes for my tangram with a side of 12 squares:
- Tasks to trace figures, analyze the composition of a complex figure, etc. an important stage in preparing the hand for writing - see tasks from the experience of our foreign colleagues - Preparing the hand for writing with a tangram.
- Let's have a tangram tournament!
- Tangram inspires thematic applications of geometric shapes. See thematic sets of diagrams: people, pets, wild animals, birds. cats, sea animals, English letters, numbers, Chinese horoscope. If you are working on thematic weeks, you will repeat the skills of playing tangram again and again.
Good day, dear readers! Are there any experts among you who could explain to us what a tangram is? Looking ahead, I’ll immediately give a hint so that those who knew and forgot will remember it, and those who knew nothing about it will become interested. This is a Chinese puzzle.
After getting acquainted with the rules, I was convinced that the game was really entertaining and interesting. Moreover, this is a brain exercise not only for children; parents will also have to rack their brains over an ancient Chinese geometric riddle.
Lesson plan:
What is the mystery of the tangram?
The tangram game is listed as seven boards of skill. And this name is no coincidence. The puzzle actually consists of seven geometric shapes called tans. Planks - This is because the game uses flat pieces. They turned out from a square divided into parts. First, it is divided into two large equal triangles with vertex angles of 45 degrees, and then, according to the diagram, seven tangram figures are obtained from these triangles:
- two large triangles, one side of which (the hypotenuse) is equal to the side of the original large square template;
- one medium-sized triangle, according to the diagram, its legs are half the length of the side of the square progenitor;
- two small triangles with hypotenuses equal to half the side length of a large square;
- one parallelogram with angles of 45 and 135 degrees;
- one medium square.
Here is a visual image with dimensions to make it clearer:
You can make a brain toy from ordinary cardboard. Some have wooden sets.
Who invented the tangram?
Nobody knows the answer to this question. Here on the Internet I found several interesting legends that shroud the mystery of the appearance of the Chinese puzzle.
According to the first of them, more than 4 thousand years ago in China, a porcelain tile fell out of the hands of one artisan in China and broke into 7 fragments - the same ones that we already know about. The man got upset and began to hastily try to put them together, however, over and over again he received more and more new combinations. His awkwardness provided the basis for a surprising activity.
According to the second story from the depths of antiquity, the tangram appeared to teach the negligent son of the Chinese emperor the basics of mathematics. This happened 2.5 thousand years ago. Three wise men were called upon to invent a game that would be to the liking of the little heir.
As a result, the artist, philosopher and mathematician came up with a puzzle that taught the emperor’s son to look at the world with the keen eye of an artist, gave him the basics of mathematics and made him patient, showing that the complex always consists of the simple.
There is a third secret about the seven books of the great Chinese sage Tang, each of which describes a thousand figures collected from a great square. What’s interesting is that each book with combinations is a continuation of the next one, and together they represent the seven stages of the development of life on Earth, starting with chaos, degenerating into the simplest forms, then into images of animals, into human creations and architectural structures.
Modern science associates the appearance of the tangram with 1780. This is the first date that introduces the figurines through the work of a Chinese artist. On his canvas, people are putting together something from tans. Until this time, neither archaeologists nor scientists had found any official mention of the puzzle.
Europeans became acquainted with the game only at the beginning of the 19th century, when it came with Chinese sailors to an American shipowner in the form of an ivory gift. It is believed that the name of the puzzle consists of two roots: “tan” - Chinese, and “gram” - letter. At first it was not a toy for entertainment at all, but a means of teaching geometry.
How to play tangram?
It would seem that the simplest combination is so complicated. However, this is a set for millions of variations. The whole point of the game is to create your own images from existing elements. This is similar to a construction set from which you can assemble objects, only in this case they will not be three-dimensional, but on a plane. There are three main conditions here:
- each assembled figure must include all seven tans;
- when constructing tans, each is located on a plane; they cannot be placed on top of each other;
- Each tan must be adjacent to at least one of its sides or vertices with another tan.
As a result, from simple geometric shapes you can put together the most complex ones, for example, make a man or a house out of tans, add a letter or number. It all depends on your and your child’s imagination.
In general, such a toy is an excellent choice for teachers. didactic material for preschoolers, allowing them to learn basic geometric figures in mathematics, giving an understanding of size and shape, parts and wholes, and training combinatorial abilities.
Just imagine that the history of tangram creativity includes more than 6.13 million different variations invented by ordinary players, from the simplest fantastic to the most complex, close to reality!
The highlight of the puzzle is its paradoxes, when from the entire set of tans sometimes two figures are obtained, and one is a subset of the other. Here's a puzzle for you - a paradox discovered by mathematician Henry Dudeney. Can you assemble two of his monks, one of whom has a leg, and the other is exactly the same, but legless?
But in the paradoxical, logically inexplicable combination of the American chess player Sam Loyd, a corner was cut off from one square, but there were still seven parts!
Agree, there is something to think about!
For children, you can use the simplest examples based on the mosaic principle, when parts make up a whole. This helps preschoolers master the skills of attaching elements to each other and will give them an idea of proportions. At the next stage of mastering the tangram technique, figures are assembled according to the proposed model, which teaches analysis and comparison.
The most difficult part will be the process of playing along the contour, when you need to visually disassemble the form into its components and select the necessary tanas. Having mastered the basic rules of tangram, they usually subsequently “sculpt” images for themselves.
Well, are there tangram masters among us? Added monks and a bitten square? Or maybe you have your own paradox? Share your achievements in the comments!
See you again!
Your “ShkolaLa”
Puzzle games are popular with both children and adults: they are exciting, develop intelligence and innovative thinking, raise self-esteem, and do not require special knowledge. In addition, such games are an excellent replacement for the electronic gadgets that have captured the time and minds of modern people. Perhaps one of the most famous puzzles is the tangram - a square cut into seven parts. In today's article we will look at the main aspects associated with this exciting game: the history of the tangram, the rules of the game, the benefits for child development and ways to make a tangram yourself.
Chinese tangram puzzle game: rules and history
Tangram (from the Chinese "seven tablets of skill") consists of seven flat figures, or tans. They must be folded in a certain way to obtain a more complex figure depicting a person, animal, plant, object, number, letter, etc. The conditions of the game are to use all seven tangram pieces and there is no overlap between the pieces. You should start solving the puzzle by finding the location of the largest triangle.
Tangram is considered an ancient game that originated more than 4,000 years ago. According to legend, a porcelain tile fell out of one person’s hands and broke. It turned out to be 7 parts, and the upset person tried to quickly put them back into a single whole, but the result was the appearance of various figures. The activity turned out to be very exciting; it later turned into a game and found many fans.
Another beautiful tale tells of the battle between the Thunder God and the Great Dragon. The Thunder God broke the sky into 7 pieces that fell to the ground. Black pieces absorbed the earth's light and all existing forms of objects. The dragon began to create various forms from “pieces of the sky” - animals, plants, humans.
However, despite the established idea of the tangram as a the oldest game, the earliest depiction of his figures in a Chinese book dates from 1813. Already at the beginning of the 19th century, thanks to the development of trade relations with China, this game became popular in Europe and America. The oldest example of a tangram was given to the son of an American shipowner in 1802; it is made of ivory and is kept in a silk case.
Fans of the game included, for example, Edgar Allan Poe and Lewis Carroll. The latter had a book in his library with 323 tasks for this puzzle.
How many figures are in a tangram and what are they?
The tangram consists of 7 parts obtained by cutting a square. What figures make up a tangram? These are 5 triangles (2 large, 1 medium and 2 small), a parallelogram and a square. From such a small number of parts you can get a huge variety of shapes - it is estimated that there are more than 7,000 options!
How to play tangram: rules
Tangram is a simple and simple game. Its rules are as follows:
- From the details of a tangram you need to put together an image of an animal, a person, an object, a letter, a number, a geometric figure;
- The assembled figure must include all 7 parts of the tangram;
- The parts must touch without overlapping each other;
- The addition of the figure begins with finding the location of the large triangle.
The benefits of the educational game tangram
Despite its apparent simplicity, tangram is an excellent educational tool. It is not for nothing that it is also called a split puzzle or geometric constructor. By assembling various shapes from tangram parts, a child can learn a lot.
What tangram develops:
- perseverance (like any other puzzle, tangram takes time);
- attention, ability to concentrate on details;
- imagination – the child imagines the end result and how to achieve it;
- logical thinking, since the child creates a whole from parts and analyzes options;
- the ability to act according to the rules.
All these qualities and skills are important not only for learning, but also for life in general.
Tangram material: wooden, magnetic, cardboard, plastic
Tangram can be made of different materials. The simplest option that can be easily made at home is a cardboard tangram. But, as you understand, it is also the most fragile.
An excellent solution would be to purchase or make a wooden tangram at home. Long-lasting, durable and eco-friendly, it's sure to be passed down from today's kids to their own.
It is very convenient to play with a magnetic tangram: you can create figures on a special field, where they will not move anywhere or overlap each other. It is quite easy to make it at home from special foam and magnets or a special magnetic tape (soft magnet).
Plastic tangrams are quite strong and durable. You can also make them yourself.
How to make a tangram with your own hands?
Making a tangram with your own hands is not at all difficult. First decide on the material. At home, the easiest way is to make a cardboard, rubber (from porous rubber or foam) or magnetic tangram. You can also make a tangram from felt or an office folder made of hard plastic or very thick cardboard.
The diagram of any tangram looks like this:
The size of the tangram is at your discretion. It will certainly be convenient for a child to play with a puzzle with a square side of 10-12 cm.
Cut a square from the selected material and draw it in accordance with the diagram (you can use a template, or you can without it). First, divide the square diagonally in half into two large triangles. Find the center of the square and the midpoints of the sides of one of the large triangles. Divide the second large triangle in half, connecting the vertex of the right angle to the center of the square. Draw another large triangle using the obtained points using a square onto the remaining figures: a middle triangle, two small ones, a square and a parallelogram.
You can make all the puzzle pieces the same color, but it will be more interesting and beautiful to create a multi-colored, bright tangram. Cover the resulting parts (if they are non-colored or plain) on both sides with colored paper or film. If a child makes a tangram himself, he can, if desired, color each detail with pencils or felt-tip pens.
To make a wooden tangram, thin plywood is best suited. The blank will also need to be drawn and cut according to the diagram, and the resulting parts will need to be painted.
How to assemble a tangram?
You can introduce a child to the tangram as early as 3-4 years old. We should start by explaining what its parts are called. The simplest version of the game is to fold the figures along the contours drawn by the elements. The child needs to find the outline of the desired figure and put it on top. Later he will learn to assemble compositions not on top of, but next to, a sample figurine, which will be of a different size. With practice, the baby will gradually be able to move on to adding figures, seeing only their outer contour, or he will come up with the figures himself.
You can play with a tangram one at a time, or you can arrange competitions between players.
As mentioned above, you need to start adding a tangram by finding the location of the large triangle.
Below are some options for figures that can be assembled from puzzle elements.
Tangram, like any other puzzle, is a wonderful simulator for developing logic and imagination. Its peculiarity is its simplicity and at the same time versatility, because with just 7 parts you can put together several thousand variants of shapes! We hope that you and your child will appreciate this exciting game. Enjoy your leisure time!
This is ancient Chinese game. If you divide the square into seven geometric shapes, as shown in the figure, then from them you can create a huge number (several hundred) of a wide variety of silhouettes: a person, household items, toys, various types transport, numbers, letters.
The game is very easy to make. A square (its size can be almost any: 5×5, 7×7, 10×10, 12×12 cm, etc.) made of cardboard or plastic, equally colored on both sides, is cut into 7 parts. The result is 2 large, 1 medium and 2 small triangles, a square equal in size to two small triangles, and a parallelogram equal in area to a square.
Rules of the game:
1. Each assembled figure must include all seven elements.
2. When composing figures, elements should not overlap each other.
3. The elements of the figures must be adjacent to one another.
When making silhouettes, the adult constantly reminds the children that they need to use all parts of the set, attaching them tightly to each other.
An adult can use some techniques that will help a preschooler achieve the best results: offer an analysis of the sample as a whole or its most complex part, indicate the location of one or two figures in the silhouette being compiled, start laying out, and then invite the child to finish the silhouette or, conversely, complete it , which was started by a child. You should constantly confirm the correctness of the child’s train of thought and actions, encourage him to plan the course of his work, discuss methods of laying out and results, encourage the desire to complete the work started, overcoming difficulties in achieving the goal, fulfilling the plan.
Helping a child should be tactful, encouraging independence, activity, perseverance, and proactive actions leading to achieving results. It is better to avoid direct instructions on what and how to do. The following advice to children is appropriate: “Look (examine) the picture carefully. What shapes is it made of?”, “Try to do it again, but in a different way,” “Remember how you laid it out last time, and start the same way,” “First, think carefully, and then do it.”
The game “Tangram” arouses great interest in children, promotes the development of analytical, synthetic and planning activities, opens up new opportunities for improving sensory skills, developing creative, productive thinking, as well as moral and volitional qualities of the individual.
The history of this game is interesting. Almost two and a half thousand years ago, the middle-aged Emperor of China gave birth to a long-awaited son and heir. Years passed. The boy grew up healthy and smart beyond his years. The boy took great pleasure in playing with toys all day long. And then the emperor called to himself three wise men, one of whom was famous as a mathematician, another became famous as an artist, and the third was a famous philosopher. And he ordered them to come up with a game, by playing with which, his son would comprehend the beginnings of mathematics, learn to look at the world around him with the gaze of an artist, become patient like a true philosopher, and also understand that complex things are often made up of simple things. Three wise men came up with “Shi-Chao-Tyu” - a square cut into seven parts.
Stages of mastering the game "Tangram"
First stage - familiarization with the set of figures for the game, transforming them in order to create a new one from 2-3 existing ones.
I.
Target. Exercise children in comparing triangles by size, making new geometric shapes from them: squares, quadrangles, triangles.
Material: The children have sets of figures for the game “Tangram”, the teacher has a flannelograph and a set of figures for it.
Work progress. The teacher invites the children to look at a set of figures, name them, count them and determine the total number. Gives tasks:
1. Select all triangles and count. Compare by size, placing one on top of the other.
Questions for analysis: “How many large triangles of the same size are there? How many little ones? Compare this triangle (medium size) with the large and small ones. (It is larger than the smallest and smaller than the largest available.) How many triangles are there and what size are they?” (Two large, 2 small and 1 medium sized.)
2. Take 2 large triangles and make them up in sequence: square, triangle, quadrangle. One of the children makes figures on a flannelgraph. The teacher asks to name the newly received figure and say what figures it is made of.
3. Make the same shapes from 2 small triangles, placing them differently in space.
4. Make a quadrilateral from large and medium-sized triangles.
Questions for analysis: “What figure will we make? How? (Let’s attach the middle one to the large triangle or vice versa.) Show the sides and angles of the quadrilateral, each individual figure.”
As a result, the teacher generalizes: “You can make different new shapes from triangles - squares, quadrangles, triangles. The figures join one another on the sides.” (Shows on flannelgraph)
II.
Target. To train children in the ability to create new geometric shapes from existing ones according to a model and design.
Material: for children - sets of figures for the game "Tangram". The teacher has a flannelgraph and tables with geometric figures depicted on them.
Work progress. Children, having examined the figures, divide them according to the teacher’s instructions into 2 groups: triangles and quadrangles.
The teacher explains that this is a set of figures for a game, it is called a puzzle or tangram; so she was named after the scientist; who invented the game. You can create many interesting images.
1.Make a quadrilateral from the large and middle triangles.
2.Make a new shape from a square and 2 small triangles. (First - a square, then - a quadrangle.).
3.Make a new figure from 2 large and medium triangles. (Pentagon and quadrilateral.)
4. The teacher shows the tables and asks the children to make the same figures (see figure). Children consistently make figures, tell how they made them, and name them.
The teacher compiles them on a flannelgraph.
The task is given to compose several figures according to the children’s own ideas.
So, at the first stage of mastering the game “Tangram”, a series of exercises are carried out aimed at developing in children spatial concepts, elements of geometric imagination, at developing practical skills in composing new figures by attaching one of them to another, the ratio of the sides of the figures in size. The tasks are modified. Children make new figures according to a model, an oral assignment, or a plan. They are asked to complete the task in terms of presentation, and then practically: “What figure can be made from 2 triangles and 1 square? Say it first, then make it up."
Second stage - compiling silhouette figures based on dissected samples. The second stage of working with children is the most important for them to learn more complex ways of composing figures in the future. Games should be effectively used by the teacher not only for the purpose of practicing the arrangement of parts of a composing figure, but also to introduce children to visual and mental analysis of the model.
Drawing a silhouette figure of a hare
Target. Teach children to analyze the way the parts are arranged, to compose a silhouette figure, focusing on the model.
Material: for children - a set of figures for the game “Tangram”, sample.
Work progress. The teacher shows the children a sample silhouette figure of a hare (see figure) and says: “Look carefully at the hare and tell me how it is composed. What geometric shapes are the hare’s body, head, and legs made of?” It is necessary to name the figure and its size, since the triangles that make up the hare (shows) are of different sizes; invites several children to answer.
R. The hare's head is made of a square, the ear is made of a quadrangle, the body is made of two triangles, and the paws are also made of triangles.
IN. Did Kolya say it correctly? If you notice any errors, correct them.
The teacher asks another child to tell.
R. The body should be made of 2 large triangles, the paw (this one) should be made of a middle triangle and a small one, and the other one should be made of a small triangle.
IN. Now look at what geometric figure 2 large triangles form. Show the sides and angles of this figure.
R. This is a quadrilateral (shows its outline, counts the angles, sides).
IN. What shape does the middle and small triangle form together?
R. This is a quadrangle, here (shows) not like a rectangle.
IN. So we looked at how a hare is composed, what shapes the body, head, and paws are made of. Now take your sets and make them. Whoever completes the task, check whether it was completed correctly.
After the figure is made, the teacher asks two children to tell how they made the figure, i.e. name the location components in order.
R. I made it up like this: the head and ear - from a square and a quadrangle, the body - from 2 large triangles, the paws - from a medium and small one, and 1 paw - from a small triangle.
R. My ear is made of a quadrangle, my head is made of a square, my paw is made of a triangle, my body is made of large triangles, my paws - these ones - are made of 2 triangles.
In this case, the analysis of the sample was carried out under the guidance of a teacher. In the future, children should be encouraged to independently analyze the figure and compose it.
Third stage mastering the game - recreating figures based on contour patterns (undivided)
Recreating the silhouette figure of a running goose
Target. Teach children to presumably tell the way the parts are arranged in the figure they are composing, and to plan the course of the composition.
Material: sets of figures for the game “Tangram”, flannelgraph, sample, board and chalk.
Work progress. The teacher draws the children’s attention to the sample: “Look carefully at this sample. The figure of a running goose can be made from 7 parts of the game. We must first tell you how this can be done. What geometric shapes can be used to make the body, head, neck, and legs of a goose?”
R. I think that the body is made up of 2 large triangles, the head is made of a small triangle, the neck is made of a square, and the paws are triangles.
R. I think that the head is made from the middle triangle, and then everything is the same as Lena said.
R. The head is from a middle triangle, the neck is from a square, and the body is from 2 large triangles, this is how they lie (shows), and a quadrangle, and the legs are from small triangles.
IN. Take the shapes and make them. And we will find out which of the guys is right.
After most of the children have made a silhouette of a goose, the teacher calls one child, who draws the location of the parts with chalk on the board. All children compare the figures they have made with the image on the board.
In the future, it is possible to analyze a sample of a composing figure not at the beginning of the lesson, but during it, when children test various ways of composing on the basis of a supposed independent analysis.
