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The newest general map of the entire Russian empire. General cards of the Russian Empire

Kirilov Ivan Kirilovich (1689 - 1737) - one of the largest Russian geographers of the early 18th century, put forward by the era of Peter's reforms. He owns the first systematic description of Russia with a fairly complete summary of those available in the first quarter of the 18th century. statistical, economic and geographical data. He also published the first atlas of Russia and for many years led the cartographic work in the country.
Kirilov's merits are also great in organizing a number of large geographical expeditions, in studying Bashkiria and the Southern Urals, where he built the first Russian cities and factories. Kirilov, in contrast to most of the figures of that time, was of humble origin. He was born (2) in the family of a clerk. In 1707 (or 1708) he graduated from the navigation school. There is evidence that he traveled to London and Amsterdam to improve his marine science. In any case, the widespread opinion that Kirilov was only self-taught is not correct. In 1712, Kirilov was appointed to Moscow, to the local order. After the elimination of orders (in 1718), he was transferred to the Senate.

Atlas of some governorships of the Russian Empire containing IX land maps and one plan of the city of Irkutsk. 1722 - 1731

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Reliable of all Vyborsky district new map, containing picks, graveyards, capes, villages and mills. And also rivers, lakes, swamps and islands on the sea.

A new and completed Landcard of the Principality of Korelsky to Kekhholmsky Uyezd.

Olonetsky district

Kagropol district

Beloozersky district

Siberia

New lantmap delineating between Russian Empire Siberian lands, Chinese land ownership

The attention of true connoisseurs of old maps is offered an exclusive Collector's Edition, which includes the first printed map of the Russian Empire, made in the technique of etching, and its multimedia copy, supplemented by detailed historical audio essays that can be listened to using the MediaGuide® device, also included in the kit. Folded cards are placed in a handmade folder.

The first printed map of the Russian Empire was published by the outstanding cartographer Ivan Kirillovich Kirilov in 1734 in a very limited edition. Already in the second half of the 18th century, the map became a bibliographic rarity. Only four "owner's" copies of the overview map have survived to our time. Each of them has its own characteristics: manual “decoration”, scuffs, the absence of some fragments, and just a touch of dust of “three centuries”. And since the copper plates on which the map was engraved have not been preserved, these copies cannot fully recreate the original print from I.K. Kirilov.

The edition offered to your attention has a high artistic and collection value, since a unique range of works was carried out for its preparation: the reconstruction of the lost fragments and the restoration of all images of the map to the purity of the original print were carried out. At the same time, the original texts are completely preserved: Latin and Russian spelling, punctuation.

The map was printed in the same way as it was done historically in the 17th-18th centuries: using a unique etching technique, when engravers worked on copper “boards”, from which prints were printed on an etching machine. In the printing technique of etching, each print is an independent work.

As a result, you see an impression of a map printed in the same way as the original impression of Ivan Kirilov, made almost three hundred years ago. A collector's reprint copy allows the reader not only to enjoy the old printing method, to consider the detail of the geographical content and plot cartouches of the map, but also to get acquainted with the history of its creation thanks to the combination with the multimedia version.

The multimedia version of the overview map contains 44 sound marks containing detailed audio information about the internal and external borders of the empire at the beginning of the 18th century, about the political and administrative structure of the state, the hydrographic network and settlements in the European and Asian parts of the country.

Scientific consultants:
A.V. Postnikov, Honored Worker of Science Russian Federation, professor, historian of geography and cartography,
L.N. Zinchuk, Head of the Department of Cartographic Publications of the Russian State Library.

Kit includes:
- folder with hard cover;
– reprint card-etching format 930 x 600 mm;
- multimedia card format 930 x 600 mm;
– Media Guide® decorated with leather, with high-quality on-ear headphones and accessories in velvet bags – in a box stylized as a book folio with genuine leather elements.

Maps from the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1768-1771 are interesting in demonstrating not only the printing level of that time, but also the real state of geographical representations. Can you imagine that the king, lords and other aristocrats of the "seafaring nation", "mistress of the seas" bought outdated information for very big money?

The fact that the publishers not only did not end up in prison for hack work, but immediately continued to publish the encyclopedia, increasing volumes, additionally proves that initially everything was done by them with high quality, super-duper, high-end. The first edition of the Britannica 1768-1771 consisted of three volumes, 2670 pages, 160 tabs with illustrations; second edition 1777-1784. from 10 volumes, 8595 pages, 340 pictures; third edition 1788-1797 - 18 volumes, 14579 pages, 542 illustrations.

Continuing the study of the 1771 map of Europe from Britannica begun in the previous note, for convenience I repeat a couple of maps: on the lefta fragment of the Shokalsky map (river basins), on whichthe red line separates the watershed of the river basins of the Baltic and White Seas, and the red arrows above and below show the main directions of colonization from the seas; Withthe rights to the same map are added toponyms of interest to us, taken from the map from Britannica:

Now we cut out the fragments from the map on the right and add the corresponding fragment (as best we could with different projections) from the 1771 Britannica map. On both fragments, for ease of study, red dots indicate cities along the rivers of the basins of the Baltic and White Seas, and green dots indicate cities along the rivers of the Black and Caspian Seas:

Now we consider and note some points not even for discussion, but simply to feel what the British aristocracy saw then:

There is no Veliky Novgorod, on the Volkhov only the old Ladoga, which seems to have no place here;

There is Narva, there is Revel (Tallinn), Pleskov (Pskov) too, but there is no Veliky Novgorod;

But some kind of Novgorod is found near Smolensk, similar to the site of modern Vitebsk;

There is no Tver, which was revered by the Oldenburgs as "our third capital."

Okay, we'll deal with that later.

And now I recommend comparing the map of Asia (it seems to be from the third edition of the Britannica, it must be clarified) of the late 18th century with the Shokalsky map of the late 19th century, paying special attention to the configuration of the Pacific coast. Is it true that progress has been made in 100 years?

Such progress became possible not only because geodetic surveys in the 19th century began to be carried out by the method of triangulation instead of the ancient scale survey "by eye" and measuring distances with a measuring chain.

No, the main achievement was in the decision LONGITUDE PROBLEMS . In short: the latitude was measured quite accurately by the angle of the rising of the Sun, the North Star, etc., but the second coordinate, longitude, was very difficult to calculate.

In 1714 in England (by Parliament, by the queen?) a huge bonus of 20,000 pounds was awarded to whoever solves the "problem of longitude." Astronomers struggled with calculations on the satellites of Jupiter, the passage of stars by the Moon, etc., but a practically applicable solution both in accuracy and in real sea conditions was not.

In other words,almost until the very end of the 18th century, all maps were the version of a particular captain, pioneer, or someone's consolidated interpretation of various sources. Everything depended on the accuracy of observations, the ability to use one method or another, and, ultimately, the low accuracy of the method itself, which is why we old maps and we see such strong inconsistencies with modern ones.

The "problem of longitude" was solved by the invention Harrison's chronometer. But the first working model of 1734 required many years of design improvements before the chronometer in 1761 was brought to practical accuracy.

So it wasn’t until 1761 that sailors and cartographers had the potential toset exact longitude and create reextremely accurate maps, but for this it was still necessary to create a sufficient number of chronometers and go on expeditions with them.

For the first time Harrison's chronometer was taken by James Cook into his trip around the world in 1768-1771 on "Endeavour", and upon his return spoke highly of the device; the error did not exceed 8 seconds per day (i.e. 2 nautical miles at the equator) during three years of sailing from the tropics to Antarctica. It is not known whether Cook's latest data were taken into account in the Britannica, one must compare the time of publication of the volumes with the time of his return to England, but the Britannica map of 1771 is valuable because it reliably reflects ancient geographical ideas about the world before the onset of the "chronometer era" and can serve as a kind of standard for comparative studies.

Now let's return to my hypothesis that the Russian Empire, in the form in which everyone is used to presenting it, began to be created only after the conquests of the war of 1812. In order to justify the prescription of possession, the easiest way is to create the appropriate geographic political maps, which will visually fix in the brains of the masses "as it was then/always".

IMHO, such wonderful propaganda fakes include the atlas of the Russian Empire of 1745 on the title page of which it is written: "Atlas of the Russian, consisting of nineteen special cards representing the All-Russian Empire with border lands, composed according to the rules of geographical and latest observations, with the attached General Map of the Great Sowing Empire, the diligence and work of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.

Doesn't surprise? Then compare the same map allegedly from 1745 (for ease of comparison in black and white) with maps of Europe from the Britannica of the first edition of 1771 and Asia (like from the third edition of 1797):

miracle atlas as if 1745

English maps of 1771 and 1797

So, I'm modestly interested in who, after all, have they hung noodles on their ears? To the British aristocrats in 1771 for their hard-earned 12 pounds of silver, or to the whole world for free?

P.S. The Russian Atlas of 1745 was most likely created in the 1850s. Not being able to present the history of geodesy and cartography in this note, I recommend reading about the history of Siberian cartography and other similar sources. By the way inThe Russian Atlas of 1745 clearly marked Sakhalin as an island, but this fact was established by Admiral G.I. Nevelskoy in June 1849, before that Sakhalin was considered a peninsula.

P.P.S. Especially doubters recommend to comparethe quality of the engraving on the maps of the atlas of 1745 withbanknotes of the State Bank of the Russian Empire "Peter-1" 500 rubles 1898 and 1912 , "Ekaterina-2" 100 rubles. 1898 and 1912 (clickable):

By the way, it was at the end of the 19th century that all sorts of "Peter's readings" appeared, as well as the "Russian style" on banknotes, in fine arts, architecture and in general. Sapienti sat.

The scale is approximately 200 versts in an inch, that is, about 1: 8,400,000 - 84 km in 1 cm.

The title of the map is in an artistic cartouche with images of a double-headed eagle, below it is the coat of arms of Moscow, as well as the coats of arms of sixteen provinces. In the foreground are the coats of arms of the Novgorod and Kyiv (?) provinces.
The figure placed on the map is noteworthy. In a sense, it is a continuation cartographic image and artistic means characterizes the coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean. The picture also reflects natural features - ice hummocks, a polar bear, polar birds, as well as scenes of hunting for a sea animal. The presence of ships flying Russian flags emphasizes the priority of Russia in the exploration and mapping of northeast Asia, which was the subject of numerous expeditions of the 1730s-1740s.
The main content of the map is the political and administrative structure of the Russian Empire.
The outer borders are shown based on various peace treaties. In the west, the position of the border was determined by the Andrusovo truce of 1667, which ended the Russian-Polish war for the lands of modern Ukraine and Belarus. In the extreme northwest, Courland was erroneously assigned to Russia, since it became part of it only in 1795. The formation of the southwestern border was influenced by various agreements with Turkey from the end of the 17th century. until the 1710s and the conditions of the Belgrade peace concluded after the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1737. The border with China was stipulated by the Nerchinsk (1689), Burinsky and Kyakhta (1727) treaties. The western part of the southern border up to the Caspian Sea was not rigidly established. The inclusion of the “Steppes of the Cossack Horde” (the lands of the Kirghiz-Kaisaks, as the Kazakhs were then called) within the state was based on repeated negotiations on their entry into Russian citizenship in the 1730s. However, these agreements were often violated, and a clearer delimitation of land in this region was adopted much later.
The internal borders are shown in accordance with the Decree of Peter on the administrative division of the Russian Empire in 1708, and according to the reforms of 1719, 1727, 1744. By 1745, the actual administrative structure looked like this: the total number of provinces - 16, the total number of provinces - 45, the total number of counties - 166, the capital - St. Petersburg. However, the map has a number of inconsistencies with the actual administrative structure. For example, there is no Nizhny Novgorod, which is the center of the province; Smolensk province is called a province; the boundaries of the Astrakhan province do not correspond to the situation in 1745. The error in showing the boundaries of the Astrakhan province and the absence of the Orenburg province, which included part of it, is explained by the chronological proximity of the formation of the latter and the completion of the atlas. It should be noted that the atlas does not always maintain the strictness of administrative terminology.
But, despite the noted errors, General card allowed to get an idea of the entire territory of the vast Russian Empire and its administrative structure. It was a necessary reference cartographic source "for the whole world" and "for popular use."

A fragment of a map from the Drawing Book of Siberia by S. Remezov (1701)

The building of the Academy of Sciences on the engraving by M. Makhaev in the publication Plan of the Capital City of St. Petersburg with the image of its most noble avenues ... St. Petersburg, 1753.
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Joseph_Nicolas Delisle - portrait of I.-N. Delisle (1688-1768)

Leonhard Euler - portrait of Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)

Gottfried Heinsius - portrait of Gottfried Heinsius (1709-1769)

Map Geographic Containing Smolensk province with parts of the provinces of Kyiv, Belgorod and Voronezh. L.5.
See in the electronic library

Map of the Yarenskaya, Vazhskaya Ustyuzheskaya, Solyvychegotskaya, Totmskaya and Khlynovskaya Provinces and Counties. L. 8.
See in the electronic library

Construction of the Volga-Don Canal. Fragment of a map from the Atlas of the Don River or Tanais…Amsterdam, 1701.
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The position of the places between the Black and Caspian Seas representing the Kuban, the Georgian land and the remaining part of the Volga River with its mouth. L. 11.

By the time immediately preceding the creation of the atlas of 1745, Russia was at the initial stage of the development of scientific cartography. Until the 18th century original, but devoid of strict foundations, cartographic works were created. Only efforts Peter I in the country, training of domestic surveyors and cartographers was organized, cartography was organized, the first hydrographic surveys were carried out, and the first general survey of the country began.

Russian cartography owes its further rise, initiated by the work of Peter I and his associates, to the activities of the first scientific institution in Russia - the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Formed in 1724 at the behest of Peter I, already in 1726 it received a government order to compile an atlas of Russia. Difficulties that arose in the summary of the work of individual surveyors due to the lack of a reference network prompted the management to give priority attention to improving the accuracy of survey work and the development of geodetic justification for creating maps.

In this regard, academician Joseph Nicholas Delisle(1688-1768). Delisle introduced astronomical observations into the practice of Russian astronomers, geodesists and navigators using the most accurate methods for their time. In the same year, he proposed the basic rules for compiling maps of Russia, which in fact were a work plan for the atlas. This plan provided for the creation of a network of geodetic points with coordinates throughout the country, the development of the mathematical basis for maps, and the collection of extensive statistical, geographical and other meaningful material. Paying tribute to the scientific value of these proposals, one cannot but admit that at that time they were not fully feasible. Even in such an immeasurably smaller country as France, the creation of a survey justification took several decades (in Russia, geodetic networks began to be developed only in the 19th century).
The plan chosen by Delisle led to the fact that the work on the creation of the atlas for many years was at the stage of preparation. In 1738, the compilation of the atlas completely stopped, so in 1739 the Geographical Department was founded at the Academy of Sciences, which played a leading role in cartographic work almost until the end of the century. In 1740, Delisle was removed from management, and the leadership of the department was transferred to a mathematician. Leonard Euler(1707-1783), who set himself the goal of publishing the atlas as soon as possible. Due to illness, he soon gave way to academic astronomers. Gottfried Gainsius(1709-1769) and Christian Nicholas Winsheim(d.1751).
Euler suggested compiling maps based on three reference points for each, which did not provide the necessary accuracy of the created maps, but allowed the source materials to be reduced in a relatively short time. However, it should be emphasized that the haste of preparation prompted the creators of the atlas to refuse to use a number of the latest materials that came to the Academy during the completion of the atlas. This could not but affect the completeness of its content. Nevertheless, on September 2, 1745, nineteen years after the start of work, the atlas was presented to the Academy of Sciences. In order to popularize geographical knowledge, the atlas was released in a significant edition. In the tradition of the 18th century, the atlas was soon also published in Latin, French and German. Separate sheets of maps from the atlas were reprinted in Russia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
The demand for the atlas was very high; it became widespread not only in Russia, but also abroad. Evidence of this are dozens of copies of the atlas that have survived to this day in libraries, museums and archives in Russia and Europe.

World geography and cartography were enriched by a publication in which the vast territory of Russia, at that time representing 1/8 of the land, was depicted for the first time on the basis of instrumental surveys. For the first time in the atlas appeared (and subsequently became exemplary for foreign cartographers) reliable contours of the northern coast of Asia, the Kuril Islands and the northern part of Japan.

The completion of such a large-scale work summed up the initial period of development of Russian cartography in the 18th century. and at the same time put forward new challenges. Weak sides of this work, related to the lack of initial data, served as an incentive to organize several expeditions to various regions of the country. The results of the research of these expeditions made it possible by the end of the century to eliminate many errors, improve the accuracy of maps and enrich their content. By the end of the 18th century, Russia had created its own cartographic school, not inferior to the European level, and the most important milestone on this path was the creation "Atlas of Russia ... 1745".

Kildyushevskaya L.K., Petrova T.M.,
Sviridenko S.V., red. Dranitsyna E.S.

A fragment of a map from the Drawing Book of Siberia by S. Remezov (1701)

Joseph_Nicolas Delisle - portrait of I.-N. Delisle (1688-1768)

Leonhard Euler - portrait of Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)

Gottfried Heinsius - portrait of Gottfried Heinsius (1709-1769)

Geographic Map Containing the Smolensk Province with Parts of the Provinces of Kyiv, Belgorod and Voronezh. L.5.
See in the electronic library

Map of the Yarenskaya, Vazhskaya Ustyuzheskaya, Solyvychegotskaya, Totmskaya and Khlynovskaya Provinces and Counties. L. 8.
See in the electronic library

Construction of the Volga-Don Canal. Fragment of a map from the Atlas of the Don River or Tanais…Amsterdam, 1701.