Why chess is not an Olympic sport. Why chess is a sport

Everyone knows that chess originated in ancient times in India. This game is already very many years old. But despite this, recognition of chess as a sport International Olympic Committee took place only 13 years ago. This is very surprising, but even more amazing is that in the UK chess as a sport recognized only in 2006!

Many people wonder if chess is an Olympic sport? The answer to this question is no, chess is not an Olympic sport... But FIDE is trying to make them that way. If you look at how many chess competitions are held per year and what scale they are, it will become clear that chess should have been included in the Olympic Games long ago, and this game should be recognized as a sport. In addition, psychologists have proven that the influence of chess on other sports is very great. For example, Wladimir Klitschko (a boxer is known to everyone), claims that preparing for boxing competitions, he also plays chess, because it improves concentration. There are many such examples, but no one wants to take them into account. This is due to the low popularity of chess in the world as a sport. That is why we rarely see a chess tournament or match on TV. But football, volleyball and other sports show "with a bang."

If we look at the chess problem globally, we can see that there is an improvement in the development of chess. In many Russian schools, electives in chess have already been introduced, which is yielding results. Chess is beginning to gain noticeable fame, which, of course, will in the future affect its development as a full-fledged sport.

MBOU gymnasium number 11

Physical education

Report

On the topic:

"Chess"

Completed:

Dmitry Bogatyrev

Pupil 9 "B" class of gymnasium number 11

Teacher:

Sintsov, V Yu

Samara 2018

Introduction

Chess - logic game with special pieces on a 64-square board for two opponents, combining elements (in part), and.

Chess can also be played by groups of players, against each other or against one player; such games are usually referred to as consulting games. There is also the practice of simultaneous play sessions, when one strong player plays with several opponents, each on a separate board. The game obeys certain rules; in official tournaments, rules are applied that regulate not only the movement of figures, but also the rights of a referee, the rules of behavior of players. The game by, by, in has special rules. There are many with non-standard rules, shapes, board sizes. Various aspects are explored chess game(for example, the classic "" and ""), including using.

History

It is believed that the history of chess is at least one and a half thousand years old. There are many versions that explain the development of chess and its spread throughout the world - "Indian", "Byzantine", etc. According to the most widespread of them, the first known game-progenitor, chaturanga, appeared in India no later than the 6th century AD, since it was then the Persian Shah Khosrov received its rules from thereIAnushirvan (531-579). Once in the neighboring countries of India, chaturanga underwent a number of changes. Its descendant in the Arab East was shatranj, and in Southeast Asia - xiangqi (China), makruk (Thailand) and shogi (Japan). Shatranj in the IX-X centuries from the Arabs came to Europe and Africa. European players continued to modify the game, resulting in what are now known as "classic" rules by the 15th century. The rules were finally standardized in the 19th century, when international tournaments began to be systematically held. Since 1886, the title of world chess champion has been played. Since 1924, there has been the International Chess Federation - FIDE, under the auspices of which, since the middle of the 20th century, most international competitions have been held.

rules

Board and starting position

Initial position of the figures

The game takes place on a board divided into equal square cells, orfields... The size of the board is 8 × 8 cells. Vertical rows of fields (verticals) are denoted by Latin letters fromabeforehfrom left to right, horizontal rows (horizontals) - in numbers from 1 to 8 from bottom to top; each field is identified by a combination of the corresponding letter and number. The fields are colored in dark and light colors (and are called, respectively, black and white) so that vertically and horizontally adjacent fields are colored in different colors. The board is positioned so that the near corner square to the right of the player is white (for white it is h1 square, for black - a8 square).

At the beginning of the game, the players each have the same set of pieces. The pieces of one of the players are conventionally called "white", the other - "black". White pieces are colored light, black pieces are dark. The players themselves are called "white" and "black" by the color of their pieces.

Each set of pieces includes: a king, a queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights and eight pawns.

White occupies the first and second ranks, black - the seventh and eighth. Pawns are located on the second and seventh ranks, respectively

Moves

The game consists in the fact that the players take turns making moves. White makes the first move. With the exception of capturing on the aisle and castling, described below, the move consists in the fact that the player moves one of his pieces to another square according to the following rules:

Pieces, except for the knight, during the move are considered to be moving in a straight line in the plane of the board, that is, "passing" all squares between the initial and final, therefore all these squares must be free. If there is another shape in the path of the shape, then it is impossible to move the shape to the field behind it. An exception is the move (see below).

A move to a square occupied by a piece is impossible.

When moving to a field occupied by a foreign piece, it is removed from the board (take).

The king moves 1 vertical, horizontal or diagonal distance.

The queen moves to any distance vertically, horizontally or diagonally.

The rook moves any distance vertically or horizontally.

The bishop moves diagonally to any distance.

The knight moves to the square located at a distance of 2 vertically and 1 horizontally or 1 vertically and 2 horizontally from the current position. Unlike everyone else chess pieces, the knight's move is done outside the plane of the board, that is, the knight directly moves ("jumps") from the initial square to the final square and no pieces on other squares can interfere with the knight's move. In particular, the knight can move to the field, even if it is completely surrounded by his own or others' pieces.

A pawn moves with a capture diagonally one square forward-right or forward-left, and without a capture - vertically one square forward. If the pawn in the given game has not yet made moves, it can make a move without capturing two squares forward. Direction "forward" is the direction towards the eighth rank for white or towards the first rank for black. When a pawn moves to the last rank (for white - to the eighth, for black - to the first), the pawn must replace it with any other piece of the same color, except for the king (pawn promotion). The promotion of a pawn is part of the move by which it is moved to the last rank. Thus, if, for example, a piece promoted from a pawn threatens the opponent's king, then this king, as a result of a pawn move to the last rank, is immediately in check.

The field is calledunder attackfigures orbrokenif during its move a piece could take an opponent's piece located on this square (regardless of whether there is such a piece on this square). The square is considered beaten, even if in fact it is impossible to move a piece there, as it puts its own king under battle.

In addition, there are two special moves:

Castling- if the king and one of the rooks of the same color have not moved since the beginning of the game, then the king and this rook can simultaneously change position (castle) in one move. When castling, the king is moved 2 squares towards the rook, and the rook is placed on the square between the initial and final positions of the king. Castling is impossible if the king or the corresponding rook has already moved. Castling is temporarily impossible if the square on which the king is standing, or the square that he must cross, or the square he must occupy, is under attack by one of the opponent's pieces, or if there is any piece between the castle being castled king and rook. Castling is considered to be the move of the king, not the rook, so castling should start with the move of the king, not the rook.

Taking on the aisle- when a pawn makes a two-square move through a broken square, which is under attack by an opponent's pawn, then it can be captured by this opponent's pawn with a retaliatory move. In this case, the opponent's pawn is moved to a broken square, and the captured pawn is removed from the board (see an example in the diagram). Capturing on the aisle is possible only in response to a pawn's move across the broken square, on the next moves it is no longer allowed.

Checkmate and stalemate

The king on the beaten square is called "standing under". To make a move after which the opponent's king is in check is to declare check. Moves after which the king of the player who made the move remains or is in check are prohibited; the player whose king is in check must immediately eliminate him.

If a player's king is in check and the player has no move to eliminate that check, that player is called “checkmated”. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's king.

If a player, during his turn to move, does not have the opportunity to make a single move according to the rules, but the player's king is not in check, such a situation is called a stalemate.

The outcome of the game

The game ends with one of the parties winning or a draw.

The winnings are recorded in the following cases:

Mat.The checkmate wins.

One of the players gave up.A player who decides that further resistance is pointless can surrender at any moment, for this he just needs to announce aloud “I surrender”. Stopping the chess clock does not mean admitting defeat, because it can be used to call a judge. The opponent of the surrender is declared the winner.

One of the players has run out of time.His opponent is declared the winner, with a few exceptions described in the Time Control section.

Technical victory- awarded in an official tournament to a player if his opponent:

• did not show up for the game within the time specified by the rules of the tournament (currently zero delay is accepted, unless the organizers of the competition have decided otherwise);

  interrupted the game (started the game, but refused to continue it);

  grossly violated the rules or disobeyed the judge;

When playing blitz or rapid chess (less than 60 minutes for the whole game), he made a move prohibited by the rules, and the opponent noticed an error before his return move.

Also, a technical victory can be awarded for an unplayed game in the event that a player is not in a given round for any reason, and the tournament rules specifically stipulate this case (for example, if the opponent with whom the game was supposed to be played has dropped out of the tournament , or with an odd number of players in the tournament according to the Swiss system.

A draw is recorded in the following cases:

Pat.

Matt position cannot be reached by any sequence of moves(for example, there are not enough pieces left on the board for any player to checkmate - say, a king and one bishop against a king).

Repeat position three times(not necessarily for three moves in a row), and the concept of position here includes the position of the pieces, the order of the move and possible moves (including the right to castle and capture on the passage for each side). To fix a draw, a player who has noticed a three-time repetition of a position must contact the referee; otherwise, the game continues. From July 2014, the game is also drawn in the eventfive times repetitionthe same position for five consecutive moves of both players, and the players' declaration is not required for this.

The 50-move rule.Both sides made their last 50 moves without capture and without a pawn move. As in the case triple repetition position, a draw is fixed only at the request of one of the players. In the 20th century, this rule was changed many times, various exceptions were added to it. All exceptions have now been lifted, and the 50-move rule applies to all positions. Since July 2014, the game is also considered to be a draw (without the players' declaration) if both sides have made 75 moves without capturing and without a pawn move.

The players agreed to a draw, that is, one of the players offered a draw, the other accepted it. To offer a draw, it is enough to say "draw". If the opponent makes a move without responding to a draw offer, it is considered rejected. Recently, in some tournaments, the so-called "Sofia rules" have been applied, limiting the possibility of players agreeing to a draw.

One of the players has expired... In some cases, described in the "Time Control" section, a draw is awarded.

The player has less than two minutes left, but his opponent did not try to win by "normal means", or such a win is impossible... At the request of a player who has less than two minutes left, the referee may score a draw in this case. For more details, see the Time Control section.

Points accrual

Depending on the total, the player receives the following number of points:

Winning - 1 point;

Draw - ½ point (introduced at the Dundee tournament in 1867);

Losing - 0 points.

In some competitions, points are awarded according to other systems, for example, "football": 3 for a win, 1 for a draw and 0 for a loss.

In tournaments where all players (teams) play an equal number of games, the winner is determined by the number of points scored in games or micromatches (in case of equality, different odds are applied).

Tournament rules

The professional requirements for the conduct of competitions have led to the creation of tournament rules that are uniform for all players. Their adoption influenced the basic rules of the game (touch-walk, capture on the aisle, etc.).

Error correction

If, during the game, it is found that the board is not positioned correctly, the error must be corrected outside playing time: the board, while maintaining its position, is placed so that the white corner square h1 is to the right of the player playing white.

If it is found that initial placement pieces were erroneous, pieces are placed in the correct order only if no more than three moves were made (rule of 3 moves).

The player who made an erroneous (not allowed by the rules) move is obliged to move, if possible, with the same piece. If the wrong move is not noticed immediately, the game must be replayed from this place.

Exception: in a blitz game, if a player made a wrong move, and the opponent noticed it without making a return move, the player is considered a defeat. However, if the opponent made a move or took any piece, the game continues.

If it is impossible to restore the position at the moment when the wrong move was made, the game is replayed from the last known position before the wrong move.

For the first erroneous move, the player is punished by adding 2 minutes to his opponent if he has less than 5 minutes. For the second erroneous move, the player is awarded a defeat.

If a player, intending to castle, mistakenly first moved a rook, he must make a move with the rook. If a player has made illegal castling (for example, through a broken square), he must move the king instead of it, if such a move is possible.

If, after the start of a tournament game, it is found that the opponents are playing with pieces of the wrong color, which should be according to the tournament schedule, then the game is replayed.

Prohibition of refusal

A draw offer made to a partner cannot be taken back.

The statement made by the player about the surrender (loss) of the game cannot be taken back.

A move cannot be taken back (changed) if it was made and a hand was taken away from the piece, unless the move is impossible.

The rules "touched - go" and "took away the hand - the move is made"

The following rules apply only towillfultouching the figureon its way.

The player who touched his piece is obliged to move this piece with this move.

The player who touches the alien piece is obliged to take it on this move.

Touching one's own piece, which has no move according to the rules, or another's piece, which cannot be taken on this move, does not entail any consequences.

Castling is considered a king's move. That's whywhen castling, you must first move the king, then the rook... If a player, wishing to castle, first touched a rook by mistake, he must move with that rook instead of castle.

If a player touches several pieces that can be moved or taken, he must move that one or take the piece that he touched first. Exceptions:

If a player touches his king and is obliged to move it, then to his rook, and castling towards this rook is possible, he must make this castling.

If the player touches his piece and is obliged to move it, then to the opponent's piece, which can be captured by this piece, he must make this capture.

If the player touched the opponent's piece and is obliged to take it, then to his own piece, which can take this opponent's piece, he must make this capture.

If the player, by virtue of the above, is obliged to make a certain move, subsequent touches of the pieces on this move do not entail any consequences.

If it is impossible to establish which piece was touched first, it is considered that this is the piece of the player, after whom it is his turn, and not his partner's. (FIDE Rule 4.3)

If a player wants to correct an inaccurately standing piece, he must say "Correct" and only then correct the piece. In this case, touching the figure does not entail any consequences.

Accidental touching of a piece, for example, if a player touches a piece with his hand while making another move, has no consequences.

Touching the pieces during someone else's move is prohibited.

When a player takes his hand away from a piece by moving it to another square, the move is considered complete and cannot be taken back (if it complies with the rules). Before the hand is taken away, the player can return the piece to its original square and, if he wants, make it some other move. This rule is known as "withdrew a hand - a move is made". Exceptions and Features:

The castling cannot be taken back from the moment the player has removed his hand from the king.

Promoting a pawn: after a player has taken a hand away from a pawn, he cannot move to it. The selection of a piece cannot be changed from the moment the piece touches the square of transformation.

A move is considered complete when all of the following conditions are met:

The player released his hand from the piece he made a move.

In case of capture - the player removed the piece he took from the board.

In case of castling, the player moved the king and rook and released his hand from the rook.

In the case of a pawn, the player let go of his hand from the new piece, placed by him on the promotion square.

Only after thatwith the same handthe chess clock is switched.

The player loses the right to declare the opponent's violation of these rules after he himself touches a piece to make his next move.

Time control

Chess clock

Time control has been used since the 19th century. Initially, it was carried out using hourglass, later, in 1883, the Englishman Thomas Bright Wilson (ThomasBrightWilson) designed a mechanical chess clock. The concept of time trouble, a loss in time, or a draw in the best appeared in the game game situation but with the worst time, blitz. Nowadays, electronic chess clocks are increasingly used.

All official parties must use time control. For this, a special chess clock is used. The player who made the move presses the button on the clock that stops his clock and starts the opponent's clock.

At the moment of the beginning of the game determined by the rules of the tournament, the referee starts the clock of the player playing with white pieces, regardless of whether he came or was late. In addition, tournament rules may specify an additional penalty for a late player. It is common practice to double the late time; if the player does not start the game within half of the main time limit, he will be awarded a forfeit for no-show.

The player's time is considered expired if the flag on his clock fell and the referee noticed this fact, or noticed one of the players and drew the referee's attention. In this case, the player whose flag fell is considered a defeat, except in the following cases:

If there is a checkmate on the board, the person who put it wins, regardless of whose flag fell.

If there is a stalemate or a draw on the board according to the three-repetition rule or the 50-move rule, it is a draw.

If the game was not over, but it was found that the flags fell on both players (this can happen when playing with a mechanical clock, if the opponent of the player who was the first to delay the time did not notice the falling of the opponent's flag and did not stop the clock, but finished playing before his own flag fell) , no matter who ran out first, a draw is scored.

If the player whose flag did not fall cannot checkmate in principle, even if worst game opponent, a draw is counted.

If the time limit is less than 60 minutes for the whole game, the judge has no right to pay attention to the fallen flag. A victory or a draw on a fallen flag is counted only at the request of the players.

Draw in time trouble

If a player has less than 2 minutes of time left until the end of the game, and he believes that “the partner is not trying to win the game by normal means, or that it is impossible to win by normal means,” the player can stop the clock and ask the referee to declare a draw. The judge has the right:

agree with the opinion of the player and declare a draw immediately

postpone the decision. In this case, the opponent can be added 2 minutes, the referee, if possible, personally observes the game and makes a decision before or after the flag falls. If the referee agrees with the opinion of the player, he must declare a draw.

immediately reject the request, in this case the opponent is given 2 minutes of time

(FIDE Rules, Article 10)

These rules, however, do not apply in blitz (less than 10 minutes per game for each opponent).

Technical rules for handling the game clock

The game clock button must be pressed with the same hand that is used to make the move. Without this, it is difficult to unequivocally determine what happened earlier - the movement or the switching of the clock.

In case of someone else's move, the player is prohibited from touching the clock button or "hovering" with his finger over the button.

A player who needs the intervention of the referee (for example, registering a draw due to three-fold repetition of the position) has the right to stop the clock (mechanical clocks are stopped by bringing both buttons to a "half-pressed" state, which is usually done with one hand, electronic - by pressing a special button). If the referee considers that the player's claim is clearly unfounded, he can fine the player by reducing his time or adding time to his opponent.

Postponing the party

Tournament rules may provide for the beginning of the game on one day, and the continuation (replay) on one of the following. In this case, the time of the end of the game on the game day is determined, and upon reaching this time, the player whose turn to play must postpone the game, which is then played out on the day specified by the tournament rules. The game is postponed as follows: the player, whose turn to move at the moment of postponing the game, thinks over the next move with the clock on, after which, instead of making a move on the board, writes it down on a special form and hands it over to the judge in a sealed envelope; no one other than this player should know what move was made. The judge then stops the clock by recording the readings. Before the start of the game, the position at the time of postponement is restored, the game clock is reproduced, after which the referee opens the envelope, makes the recorded move on the board and starts the clock of the second player.

Outdated and no longer applicable rules

Until now, among amateurs, sometimes there are attempts to follow the old rules that have been canceled long ago or have never been applied in official practice. Some of them are listed below:

If the king reaches the last rank, then a new pawn of the same color is placed on the original square of the corresponding file. Rule variations: the pawn is placed on the same move; on the next; on any square on the second rank from the player; on any other than broken fields. The rule does not correspond at all with modern ones.

If the king has been in check at least once, castling becomes impossible for him.

The requirement to pronounce aloud "Shah!", "Checkmate!", "Pat!", "Garde!" (the latter - when attacking the queen). Currently, there are no requirements to verbally indicate the appearance of a particular position. An attempt to make a move contrary to check or checkmate is considered a mistake and is corrected.

If the piece touched by the player does not have a move according to the rules, or if the touched foreign piece or pawn cannot be captured, the player must make a “penalty move” with the king. According to modern rules, touching your own piece, which has no move, or a stranger, which cannot be taken, does not entail any consequences.

Upon reaching the last rank, a pawn can only transform into a piece previously removed from the board. Due to the limited set of figures in the standard set, it is used almost everywhere in the amateur environment.

A stalemate means the loss of the patched side.

Chess variations

In addition to the well-known classical chess described in this article, there is a large number of other variants of the chess game. There are national variants of chess, for example, common in South Asia: xiangqi, shogi, changi, makruk. Some variations use additional pieces and / or unusual boards, for example, variations are known on large-sized boards, on round boards, with figures combining the moves of a knight and a rook and / or a knight and a bishop, with a maharaj (a figure combining the moves of a queen and a knight ) instead of a queen, courier chess, hexagonal chess (played on a hexagonal board consisting of hexagonal fields).

There are chess for more than two players: three- and four-sided chess, in which three or four players play at the same board (a pair for a pair or each for himself), each controlling his own set of pieces, as well as "team" variants of chess, where the game a team is played on one or several boards, and the course of a game at one board is influenced by the actions of more than one player from each team.

Many chess composers, as well as scientists, amateur and professional chess players, were fond of inventing new versions of chess. Known, for example, is Capablanca's chess - on a 10 × 8 board, with two new pieces. Recently, Fischer's chess has become more and more popular - a game of classic rules, but with a random initial arrangement of pieces on the last ranks, as well as free chess (chess-5039), where one of 5039 possible arrangements on the 1st rank (any, except for the classical one) is chosen by White, while Black arranges his pieces symmetrically. In part of the variants, the rules remained unchanged (or minimally changed), and only the initial arrangement of the pieces was changed. In addition to the already mentioned Fischer and Freestyle Chess, these are Kingchess and Battle Chess.

Chess as a sport

Chess is an organized sport with a hierarchy of titles, developed system regular tournaments, national and international leagues, chess congresses. The emergence of professional sports has led to the emergence of professional athletes, coaches, journalists, functionaries, relying on the army of game lovers.

International Chess Federation

The main body involved in the organization of international chess competitions is, organized by c. There are also national chess players' organizations in many countries of the world.

FIDE is a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), but chess as such has never been an Olympic sport. However, sometimes chess is included in the program of multisport competitions: for example, chess tournaments for men, women and mixed teams were held as part of the Summer Universiade 2011, Summer Universiade 2013, and chess is also included in the program of the Asian Games.

In chess, a separate Chess Olympiad held every two years and is a team competition. In addition, chess is one of the five main types of the World Mind Games.

Professional Chess Association

In 1993, on the initiative of Garry Kasparov and Nigel Short, the Professional Chess Association (PCA) was organized. It includes a number of grandmasters who disagree with the policy pursued by FIDE. The PCA held its own world chess championship. Having existed until 1996, the PCA ceased to exist, having lost its sponsors, after which the PCA world champions were called “classical chess champions”.

International Correspondence Chess Federation

In 1928, the International Correspondence Chess Union was created (since 1951, the International Correspondence Chess Federation, ICCF). Officially recognized world championships, national championships are held, there is a rating, international and national sports titles (grandmaster of the ICChF, master of sports of Russia by correspondence, etc.). Currently, the transfer of moves is carried out not only by regular mail, but also by e-mail.

Olympic Games

In 2018, for the first time in history, chess was presented in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, which were held in the South Korean city of Pyeongchang as an exhibition sport.

Undaunted, the chess player sarcastically replied: “If Mikhail Tal plays, then this is a great art. If I play, then. But if you sit down at the board, it will be just spending time. " Then the future FIDE (International Chess Federation) and the 54th Canadian player proudly came out.

International Grandmaster Mikhail Tal is a famous Soviet chess player. In 1960, he became the eighth world champion. He was distinguished by a sharply attacking combinational play, often making beautiful deliberate sacrifices of pieces.

The supporters of chess as a sport have other arguments as well. Among them - the existence of state-funded children and youth schools, the holding of Russian and world championships both among individual players, moreover, professionals, and among clubs and even national teams. As well as international tournaments with a large prize pool.

The sports orientation of chess is supported, in particular, by their inclusion in the list of game types and in the Unified classification with the assignment of titles such as master of sports of Russia, master of sports of international class and grandmaster. Chess is also included in the annual calendar of competitions held under the auspices of the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation.

The following argument is also curious: by professionally practicing any kind of sport in the hall or at the stadium, a person builds up his muscles, muscle mass. And by spending many hours at the board with figures or at the computer, developing openings and endings, he actively increases his level of intelligence. Isn't it a sport?

by the way

In 2010, the Center for the Study of Public Opinion surveyed 1,600 Russians, also asking them to answer: "Is chess a sport or a hobby?" And the overwhelming majority of respondents - 69% - spoke in favor of sports.

Chess as a hobby

They are also supported by those who are sure: with the advent of the Internet and computer developments among grandmasters, chess has grown into an intellectual one, namely science game... And only the competitive principle remained from the sport.