What is shown on the map in brown. What is indicated by shades of blue on a geographical map? Ways to indicate relief on maps

Lesson type: lesson of discovering new knowledge.

Main goals:

1. To form in students an idea of ​​land and seas, heights and depths, and various geographical objects depicted on maps.
2. Update your understanding of such concepts as map, globe, plan, scale, meridians, parallels, equator.
3. Training the skills of determining by the difference in colors which of the objects compared on the map is higher or lower, deeper or shallower.
4. Stimulate children's creative activity.
5. To promote the ability to work in a team, in a group, in pairs.

Demo material:

• standards of definitions of geographical concepts;
• drawings of plans and maps;
• physical map of the world (eastern hemisphere);
• travel map;
• cards with symbols of reservoirs and depths, plains, mountains and heights, river port.

Handout:

• outline map and table with symbols for working in groups;
• work files with a travel map for one for a couple;
• self-assessment sheet;
• homework sheet.

Equipment:

• music recording of the overture to the film “Children of Captain Grant” by I. Dunaevsky;
• work files for feedback and markers.

Stage I. Motivation for learning activities.

Guys! Let's read the motto of the lesson: “Learning is better than wealth.”
- What will we do in class?
- Why do you need to study?
- Why are learning and skill better than wealth?
(The overture to the film “The Children of Captain Grant” sounds, music by I. Dunaevsky).
- What do you imagine when listening to music?
So today we will go on a journey. Maybe our journey will seem to you as exciting as it was for the heroes of J. Verne’s book “The Children of Captain Grant”. Now we are listening to the overture to the film based on this book. The music was written by I. Dunaevsky.

Stage II. Updating knowledge.

Are you ready to travel?
- Now I will conduct a test among you: “What travel accessories will you take on a trip?”

Possible answers:

A. Globe.
b. Plan.
V. Map.
Mr. Compass.
d. Special clothing.
e. Conventional signs.

Show your answers on the “working files”.
(Files with the guys’ answers are posted on the board and compared with the standard).
- Prove why we’ll take (b, c, d, e) on the trip?
- What is a globe? Children's answers. The standard is posted. Globe - a reduced model of the Earth.
- What is the plan? Children's answers. The standard is posted. Plan - a drawing depicting a small plot of land.
- What is a map? Children's answers. The standard is posted. A map is an image of the Earth on a plane.
- What is a compass? Children's answers. The standard is posted. Compass = a device for determining geographic directions.
- Do you need special clothing when traveling?
- Why didn’t you take a globe on the trip? conventional signs?
(There are 2 drawings posted on the board. On one there is a small image of the plan, on the other there is a map.)

Explain to me what is shown in Fig. No. 1, in Fig. No. 2?
- Prove that Fig. No. 1 is a plan? The student is called.
- Prove that Fig. No. 2 is a map? The student is called.
(Students can present their evidence in a dialogue.)

• a small plot of land;
• has a large scale;
• conventional signs;
• the cardinal directions are shown N – S;
• the distance is accurate.

• large spaces;
• has a small scale;
• conventional signs;
• conventional lines – meridians, parallels;
• The distance is not accurate.

Guys! What are meridians?
- What are parallels?
- What is the equator? Students' answers. The standards are posted on the board.
- Do we need this knowledge while traveling?
You really have a lot of knowledge. I can't wait to show you this card. (The travel map opens).

The note that accompanies the card reads:
“Whoever reads this map and travels along it will become the owner of treasures.”

Stage III. Localization of the problem.

Guys, let's read the map. What can you say? What do these colors on the map mean? Where are the treasures?
(Students are having difficulty).
- Yes, we don’t know that. Maybe the guys' messages on the map that they prepared for the lesson will help us.

Man started drawing maps when he didn’t even think about whether the Earth was round or flat. A drawing on a bone was found in Kamchatka; scientists decided that it was one of the ancient maps of the world.
But in the excavations of Mesopotamia, clay tablets were found that depicted the then known world.
The world map, in the center of which the city of Babylon is depicted, is 3.4 thousand years old.
In the caves where people lived thousands of years ago, there are rock paintings of the surrounding area.

Modern maps contain only the necessary information. But people are faced with a problem: there is so much to put on the cards that there is simply not enough space for them all. The computer came to the rescue. All information about the Earth and individual territories is entered into it. This is how the most accurate map Earth.

The map is older than the globe, but the map is a flat image of the Earth.
The symbols on the map are the same as on the globe. They are written on the margins of the map and are called its legend. You need to know them in order to be able to “read” it, that is, to understand the language of geography.

Stage IV. Building a project plan.

Using a map, you can determine what is located anywhere on Earth. As we learned from the guys’ messages, the most accurate map of the Earth was compiled using a computer. This map is called the Earth's geographic information system.
All maps depict plains, mountains, seas, and lakes using symbols. Look at the Physical Map of the World.
- What colors do you see on the map?
By the color on the map you can determine the depth of the reservoirs and the height of the mountains and plains. Help me.
- What color are lakes, rivers, seas, and oceans shown on the map?
If you look closely at the map, the blue color is presented in different shades from light blue—shallow bodies of water—to dark blue—the depths of oceans and seas.
(Cards with symbols of reservoirs, depths, plains, mountains, heights are laid out on the board next to the “travel map.”)

Green and yellow colors on the map and globe indicate plains. Plains are low, flat or hilly areas of land.
Mountains are depicted in different shades of brown. The darker the color, the higher the mountains.

V stage. Implementation of the completed project.

What color are bodies of water, plains, and mountains shown on the map? Open workbooks p.73.
- Let's read the rule on p. 73. Look at our “journey map.”
- What does the coloring of the map mean? (There are plains, rivers, mountains.)

Phys. just a minute.

Stage VI. Primary consolidation with pronunciation in external speech.

In order to return to our “journey map” we need to consolidate our knowledge of map reading.
Now we will work in the workbook: p. 72 back. No. 3.
There are no color codes or symbols on this map. There are only outlines and hints on it. Such a map is called a contour map. Reading the assignment out loud. Several children will work in a group, and the rest will work in workbooks. At the end, we will summarize our work.

(A check is carried out. The group’s work is posted on the board, the guys give explanations. Students make their additions from the seats. The teacher singles out those guys who came up with their own “river port” sign - a creative task).

VII stage. Independent work with self-test according to the standard.

Work in pairs.
- What new knowledge did you gain in class today that will help us start our journey?
- How do plains, reservoirs, deep seas, mountains and heights look on maps?
- I suggest you work in pairs. After all, it’s more fun on the road with a friend! On the desks, take the file with the map. Your task: to sign all stages of the journey. There are only 4 of them. Using your new knowledge, you need to sign what area our journey takes us through.

1. Sea.
2. Plains.
3. River.
4. Mountains.

Students post their files on the board. Standard check.
(Based on the results of independent work, reflection is organized.)
- Who did it correctly?
-Who made mistakes?
- What are the mistakes?

VIII stage. Inclusion in the knowledge system and repetition.

What knowledge was useful on your trip?
- How are bodies of water, mountains, and plains depicted on maps?
- Tell me what other symbols on the map are familiar to you?

Stage IX. Reflection on educational activities.

The final point on our map is the high mountain where our treasures are located. Let's rejoice together!
So we read the map.
- Where are the treasures? – you ask me.
Let's remember the motto of our lesson. Reading in chorus: “Learning is better than wealth.”
- What “wealth” did you receive in class today?
- Why do you need to know the “language of cards” or be able to “read” cards?
- Do you need this knowledge in life?
Otherwise, it will turn out as in another folk wisdom:
“I would have given the treasure, but they didn’t know how to take it.”

Take a piece of paper with your self-esteem. Put “+” in the circle where the answer suits you.

ABOUT I can travel because I know Russian.
ABOUT I can travel because I know Russian and English.
ABOUT I can travel because I know the language of maps.

Guys! Name those who you liked with their work in the lesson?
House. The task consists of three parts.

1. With. 70, 71 read, p. 71 ass. No. 2 (training).
2. Come up with your own map, draw it (creative task).
3. With. 73 ass. No. 5. Using the map, create a layout of the area (optional).

Looking at geographic maps is quite interesting. Moreover, they are diverse. At school we had large wall maps, atlases and contour maps. I always liked finding all sorts of mountains and seas, rivers and plains on maps.

Shades of blue on a geographical map always indicate one thing - water.

What is blue in our nature? That's right: sky and water. But why is the sky on maps? This means that they represent all sorts of water bodies. What does this mean? Here's what:

• oceans and seas;
• straits and bays;
• bays and estuaries;
• lakes and rivers;
• reservoirs and swamps (shown on maps as thin broken lines).

It's very convenient. You can immediately see where the water is. There is more blue on the maps, since land still occupies a smaller part of our planet. Moreover, if rivers and lakes are painted the same color, then oceans and even large seas have different shades of blue. This is done in order to immediately focus attention on the depth. The bluer the color on the map, the greater the depth of the reservoir in this place. Even just looking at a geographical map, you can imagine which place is deeper.

Even on maps with a large scale (with a large reduction of the Earth), it is simply impossible to reflect on small objects (on rivers, lakes) all their depths, and there is no point in doing so. But on topographic maps areas (where the scale is small and the size allows) sometimes the depths are highlighted with more saturated shades of blue or conditional blue lines.

Shades of blue on old maps

Water was not always drawn blue on maps. IN old maps the seas and oceans were simply not painted over. And the rivers were drawn in some other color: brown, black, green... .

In ancient times, people simply did not distinguish the color blue. It was as if he didn't exist. Some peoples did not even have such a word for “blue”. And there is not much blue in nature. Therefore, apparently, it appeared as a color much later than other colors. Only after this did they begin to paint water in shades of blue on geographical maps.

It’s so good that this blue color still appeared. After all, it is much more convenient when the water is blue, the earth is brown, and the vegetation is green.

The outline of land areas, terrain and local objects are indicated on the map with color and symbols. So, fields and meadows are light green; various reservoirs - blue; sands - yellow; hills, mountains - dark yellow and various tones of brown; trails, dirt roads, buildings settlements- gray or brown.

Conventional signs, usually close in design to the actual shapes of objects, are divided into four main groups:

1) Contour or scale signs (Fig. 36), they denote large-sized objects that can be expressed on a map scale - areas of forest, meadows, arable land, lakes, swamps, large rivers, sands, etc. Their boundaries contours are indicated by solid lines or dots in accordance with the actual contours on the ground. The area inside the outline is covered with appropriate paints and filled with additional symbols.

2) Off-scale signs (Fig. 37) are used to designate important, small-sized objects that cannot be expressed on the map scale. These include wintering quarters, wells, some landmarks - various towers, factory chimneys, radio masts, etc. These images on the map are enlarged, and it is impossible to judge from them the actual size of the objects.

3) Roads, trails, streams, power lines and other linear images, the scale of which reflects only the length, occupy an intermediate position between scale and non-scale signs and are called linear (Fig. 38).

4) Explanatory signs - abbreviations, names, numbers that explain the meaning of the symbol. For example, lake - lake, pass - lane, river - river; proper names of objects and inscriptions that provide additional characteristics. For example, in the outline of the forest the inscription “ber. 30/35-5" means: birch, height 30 m, diameter 35 cm, distance between trees 5 m, or at the summit sign the number indicates height, etc.

Terrain image. The most visual and accurate way to depict the terrain is the method of contour lines with digital elevation marks. Horizontals are closed curved lines that connect points located at the same height above sea level (Fig. 39). Horizontal lines clearly convey landforms. Using them, you can determine the height of terrain points. Horizontal lines are drawn at intervals of equal height, which are called section heights. The following section heights are accepted on the maps: 10 m for a map of scale 1: 50,000; 20 m - 1: 100,000; 40 m - 1:200,000.

Highlands and lowlands of the terrain - basins - are indicated by the same horizontal lines. Berghatches are used to distinguish between highs and lows. Berghstrich is a short line, located perpendicular to the horizontal in the direction of lower terrain. The steepness of the slope when depicting the relief using the contour line method is indicated by the convergence or stretching in the arrangement of the contour lines. The closer the horizontal lines are to each other, the steeper the slope. However, the maximum steepness of the slope, depicted by horizontal lines, does not exceed 45°. Steeper slopes are represented by conventional signs - ravines, cliffs. They are shown on maps and plans in dark brown. On small-scale maps, for greater clarity, the hillshading method is used along with contour lines. Its essence lies in the thickening of the shadows as the steepness of the slope increases. Shading is done with gray or brown paint. Flat surfaces remain white.

Grid on maps. When determining the location of objects - landmarks, standing points - on a map, coordinate grids are used, which allow you to quickly find or indicate the exact position of a particular terrain point. Coordinates are angular or linear quantities that determine the position of points on any surface (on the earth's surface, on a map) or in space. Geographic coordinates are angular values ​​- geographic latitude and longitude, which determine the position of points on the earth's surface relative to the equator and a plumb line at a given point on the earth's surface. The angle in degrees shows how much a particular point on the globe is north or south of the equator. If a point is located in the northern hemisphere, then its latitude will be called northern, if in the southern hemisphere, then southern latitude.

Geographic longitude is also measured by the angle formed by the plane of the meridian, taken as the initial (zero), and the meridian passing through a given point. For uniformity in determining longitudes, we agreed to consider the prime meridian to be the meridian passing through the astronomical observatory in Greenwich (England, near London), and to call it Greenwich. All points on the globe located east of the Greenwich prime meridian to the 180° meridian will have east longitude, and all points west of the prime meridian will have west longitude. Using a map with meridians and parallels marked on it, you can determine the latitude and longitude of any point or object.

On large-scale topographic maps, a grid of meridians and parallels is shown outside the frame of the map sheet in the form of divisions (segments) equal to the linear value of one minute in longitude and latitude. On maps of scale 1:500,000 and 1:100,000, the grid of meridians and parallels is depicted on the entire sheet and its exits are labeled outside the map frame.

Kart? All this will be discussed in our article.

A geographical map is...

The map is one of the oldest inventions of mankind. At first they were carved on stones, cliffs and cave walls. These were primitive drawings of the area primitive people. One of ancient maps Dated by scientists to the seventeenth millennium BC. Moreover, it was not a map of the starry sky. It marked Vega, Altair, Deneb and some other bright stars in the sky.

Similar maps of lands were created by ancient Greek explorers and travelers - Strabo, Anaximander, Hecataeus, Ptolemy and others. Cartography developed unusually rapidly in the XIV-XVI centuries, in the so-called era of the Great geographical discoveries. At this time, portolans were created - sea plans that described in detail the waters of the Black and Mediterranean Seas, as well as the western shores and northern shores of Europe.

At the present time, a geographical map absolutely does not lose its value and relevance. In the 21st century, it becomes not only the result, but also an important tool of many scientific research and research. Maps are widely used in geology, urban planning, meteorology, agriculture and other areas of human activity. School geography (6th grade) also studies it.

A geographic map is a model of the earth's surface reduced by hundreds or thousands of times, created using a system of special symbols. Almost all schoolchildren look at these colorful sheets of paper with great interest in class. And many of them have natural questions: what is indicated in brown on the map? What about other colors and shades? Next we will talk in detail about symbols modern maps. But first you should find out what types of them exist?

Types of geographical maps

Geographic maps are classified by scale, territorial coverage, purpose and content. According to their purpose, they can be:

• educational;
• reference;
• scientific;
• tourist;
• sports;
• navigation, etc.

By scale, all maps are divided into small-, medium- and large-scale, and by content - into general geographical and thematic. General geographic maps display many natural and public objects: relief, vegetation, hydrography, cities and villages, roads, etc. Thematic maps display individual objects (phenomena) of nature, the economy, or the social sphere.

What is shown in brown on the map?

The surface of our planet is heterogeneous. About 70% of its area is occupied by seas and oceans, and on land there are plateaus and mountains. How is all this displayed on general geographic maps?

All kinds of water bodies (rivers, lakes, seas, reservoirs, etc.) are indicated in blue. And this is quite logical. But the surface of the sushi is painted in a variety of shades: from dark green to brown. What is shown in brown on the map?

The choice of color depends on the absolute height of a particular area in meters (above sea level). Green indicates lowlands and plains (up to 200 meters in height), yellow indicates hills (from 200 to 500 meters), and brown indicates mountainous areas (over 500 meters).

Ways to indicate relief on maps

Relief designation on a map can be done in two main ways:

• using flowers;
• using horizontal lines.

The color method was described in detail in the previous section. It is used, as a rule, in the compilation of general geographical (physical) maps. In addition to colors, such maps usually mark individual terrain points and indicate their absolute height. These can be the highest mountain peaks or, conversely, the lowest depressions in a particular area.

By color you can determine not only the height of the earth's surface, but also the depth of the seas and oceans. Colors are used to indicate depths on maps. The more saturated the shade, the deeper the bottom is at a particular point.

Each physical map is necessarily accompanied by a scale of heights and depths. From it you can approximately determine the height of the area or the depth of the ocean.

The second way to depict relief involves the use of special lines - horizontal lines. It is used primarily in the preparation of topographic maps and terrain plans.

Topographic map and its features

Universal large-scale maps that depict the terrain in detail are called topographic. With their help, you can get a fairly detailed picture of a particular territory.

All topographic maps are divided into four categories based on scale:

• large-scale (1:500,000 and larger);
• medium-scale (1:200,000, 1:100,000);
• small-scale (1:50,000, 1:10,000);
• area plans.

The most detailed terrain objects are displayed on topographical plans, which have a scale of 1:5000 (most often). They can show individual buildings, trees, stones, churches, etc. Another distinctive feature terrain plans is that when drawing them up, the curvature of the Earth's surface is not taken into account.

Symbols of geographical maps and area plans

When drawing up topographic maps and terrain plans, a set of certain conventional symbols is used. With their help, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of natural objects and social phenomena are provided. What are the symbols of geographical maps? Four types of them are distinguished by modern topographers. This:

1. Large-scale.
2. Linear.
3. Non-scale.
4. Explanatory signs.

Using scale symbols, those objects and objects that can be expressed on the map scale are displayed. This could be a forest, a field, city blocks, etc. Non-scale symbols look like small figures or graphic drawings. They allow objects that are too small to be displayed on the map (for example, a tree, a stone, a coal mine, or a monastery). Using linear symbols, extended objects are displayed - roads, borders, power lines (power lines). Explanatory graphic symbols serve for additional characterization of certain terrain objects.

There are about two hundred conventional topographical signs in total. The figure below shows just a few of them. Here, for example, you can see what the symbol for sand, forest, lake, ravine or bridge looks like.

Relief depiction on topographic maps

As mentioned above, on topographic maps the terrain is displayed using so-called contour lines. These are conditional lines connecting points on the earth's surface with the same height. Horizontal lines are carried out at intervals of 10, 20 or 50 meters. But it all depends on the scale of the map: the larger it is, the more detailed the local relief can be shown. You can see what the horizontal lines look like in the figure below.

Horizontals, as a rule, have a gray or pale brown color. Where these lines break, their absolute height is indicated. In addition, individual points are often marked on geographic maps, indicating their exact height above sea level. These can be individual mountain peaks or objects that serve as obvious landmarks in the area.

Learning to “read” the terrain on a map is not difficult. The density and number of horizontal lines applied directly depends on the degree of dissection of the earth's surface. The closer these lines are located to each other on the map, the steeper the slope on the ground. However, best way Learning to read a topographic map means taking it with you on a hike or trip.

Depiction of vegetation and landscapes on maps

Landscapes, vegetation and soil cover are also shown in some detail on the maps. In this case, topographers use about 50 special signs.

Green spots and belts that can be seen on almost any topographic map are nothing more than forests. The boundaries of the forest are displayed as a dotted line. Additional characteristics of a particular forest are indicated using off-scale and explanatory signs.

Swamps on maps are indicated by horizontal blue stripes. Moreover, if these stripes are continuous, then the swamp is impassable, and if they are interrupted, then it is passable. Sands appear as randomly located brown dots.

There are special symbols to designate vineyards, fruit and berry gardens, bush thickets, woodlands, rice fields, tea plantations and other forms of vegetation.

Conclusion

Now you know what is indicated on the map in brown, what is green, and what is blue. The choice of color depends on the altitude of the area. Thus, lowlands are designated in green, hills in yellow, and mountain systems in brown. On topographic maps, the relief of the earth's surface is displayed differently - using contour lines.

As for me, this is an elementary question and a 5th grade student should know the answer to it. My daughter is 4 years old and she loves to take the atlas and look at the pictures. Some time ago she asked me a question: “Why are there different colors on the map and what do they mean?"? I told her everything, and now even she knows the answer.

What color are mountains shown on maps?

Let's look at the physical map. What do we see there? Different colors, icons and numbers. This is necessary so that we can read useful geographic information from it. If you look at the map, it immediately catches your eye that continents are shown in green and brown. To avoid confusion, cartographers introduced generally accepted standards:

• the sea is indicated in blue;
• mountains – brown;
• plains - green.

It is logical that brown was chosen for the mountainous area. Now you will know the color schemes of the card.

Features of drawing mountainous areas on maps

Mountains, plains and oceans have different heights and depths. This must be depicted on the map. But how to do this? Writing numbers all the time is inconvenient. Cartographers came up with the idea of ​​depicting the height of mountains and the depth of the ocean tone and color intensity.

Mountainous terrain is usually indicated on a physical map pale brown to dark brown. It all depends on the altitude above sea level. The higher the mountain, the darker the color. For example, the Ural Mountains (up to 2000 meters in height) will be shown on the map as a paler shade of brown. The highest mountains in the world, the Himalayas (Mount Chomolungma 8845 meters) are shown on the map in very dark brown.

You can find out the approximate height of the mountain. To do this you need to look symbol. At the bottom of the map there is scale with different intensities of brown color. There the height "from and to" is written in numbers. Each tone indicates its height on the ground.

We must also not forget that the ocean also has ridges, and these are the same seamounts. There they are designated as depth - light blue. If you find a light blue stripe in the middle of the dark blue ocean, then know that there is an underwater ridge there.