Power supply electronics d2 37s circuit. Electronic toys from the USSR

ELECTRONIC MASSAGEIST This device (Fig. 1) is intended for massage of muscles weakened after an illness, and also serves for gymnastics of muscles and skin. Fig. 1 Transformer Tr (incandescent) - 6.3 V/127 V. Electrodes are mounted on a plastic tube (Fig. 2 ). A wire is wound at its ends without insulation (10 turns each). Two strips of metal foil are laid on top of the wire at a distance of 25 mm. During the electrification process, they grasp the foil plates. Fig. 2...

For the diagram "ELECTRONIC VEHICLE IGNITION SYSTEM"

For the diagram "HUMIDITY SENSORS FOR WIPERS"

For the "Musical telephone call" scheme

TelephonyMusical Telephone CallingDugen, General Telephone and Elec>tronics (Clearwater, Fla.) Using a combination of two simple circuits, you can get the phone to play a simple identifying tune - maybe "Smoke in Your Eyes" if you're an electronic circuit designer. , while the professor may prefer Guadeamus Igitur, and the newspaperman will prefer Somewhere Over the Rainbow. The number of programmable motifs is quite large. Here is a pairing that allows you to connect two circuits published earlier in the journal "Electronics". The input Schmitt trigger - IS 74121 - generates short pulses with steep edges from the sinusoidal output signal of the call generator. The negative pulse output from this single-stable oscillator triggers a synchronizer, a 555 IC, which generates a strobe pulse lasting approximately 10 seconds to drive the entire music ringer cycle. This cycle will be repeated until the called phone is picked up or the calling phone is hung up. It may turn out that at some telephone exchange the frequency of the ringing current is not equal to 40 Hz. Telephone lines use calling frequencies of 20, 30, 42, 54, and 66 Hz, with PBXs installed in buildings typically having a calling tone frequency of 30 Hz. This can operate with any of these calling frequencies. The idea of ​​a musical phone call may seem a little frivolous. A musical call was used as an entertainment effect in one of the old radio shows. However, this scheme can be adapted to manage not only a telephone call, but also other...

For the circuit "Two circuits of simple sweeping frequency generators"

Measuring equipmentTwo circuits of simple sweep frequency generators Sweep frequency generators have found wide application in adjusting the amplitude-frequency response of amplifiers and various filters. Below are two simple circuits, allowing measurements to be made in a fairly wide frequency range. The circuit shown in Fig. 1 provides, at the indicated ratings, a “swing” frequency from 4 to 20 MHz. The frequency range depends on the ratings of C1, C3, R1, R2, R4. A dual potentiometer is used as R2. A sawtooth voltage with an amplitude of 1.8 V and a constant component of 0.8 V is supplied to the control input. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 is shown with a “swing” band from 0.3 to 70 MHz. The uniformity of the frequency response of the generator itself is determined by the capacitance and inductance in the emitter circuits of the generator transistors. Fig. 2 Radio N2, 1978. Electronics N1, 1982 ...

For the scheme "LIGHTER FOR GAS"

For the diagram "Power supply for the player"

Nowadays, many people have players from various companies. All of them are powered by finger-type batteries. These batteries have a small capacity and run out quickly when using the player. Therefore, in stationary conditions, it is better to power players from the mains via a power supply, since the price of batteries these days is “biting”. In the radio engineering literature there are descriptions of various power supplies for radio devices, including for players with 3-volt power supply. The block described below provides an output voltage of 3 V with a load current of up to 400 mA, which is completely sufficient to power any player or radio. For this power supply, a transformer and a housing from the power supply of a microcalculator type MK-62 (Electronics D2-10m) are used. The primary (network) winding is left at the transformer, and the secondary winding is rewound. Now it contains 270 turns of PEL or PEV 0.23 wire. ...

Preface

I decided to divide this article, dedicated to the domestic microcomputer "Electronics MK-90", into 3 parts (how I received it, a review and my achievements on it), practically unrelated to each other. You can skip any part and move on to the part that interests you. It took me a long time to decide what category to classify this device into. It’s hard to call it a calculator; it doesn’t look like a PDA in the usual sense of the word today. If we take a lower level, for example an organizer, then the MK-90 lacks the necessary functions. I decided to focus on the definition of a microcomputer, which was given to it by the manufacturer (from now on I will write this way).

Part 1. About how I bought the MK-90

I first learned about the MK-90 by accident, when I saw an advertisement on the Internet for the purchase of memory modules for it. Having found it brief description, I started looking for more detailed information about this microcomputer. But without really finding anything, I came to the conclusion that this is some kind of semi-mythical microcomputer, since basically there are only its technical characteristics and enthusiastic comments. Very interested, I decided to buy it, naturally suspecting that the search might take many months. But to my great surprise, I was able to find him in Minsk in two weeks (with several offers). After evaluating them all, I decided to settle on the one that had the best price/quality ratio. As a result, I bought this microcomputer at a very tempting price of ~$45. The kit contained the following: the microcomputer itself, a case for it, a power supply unit, two SMPs in the boxes supplied with them, all instructions and diagrams. Most likely it was found so quickly due to the fact that it was produced at the Minsk NPO Integral and there are still many of them left in Belarus.

Part 2. Review

Specifications (taken from Wikipedia):

What's outside?

As can be seen in Fig. 1 and 2, on the right side there is a display contrast regulator, on the left there is a connector for connecting the power supply, which is included in the kit. At the top end there is an interface connector for connecting peripherals. Through it, the microcomputer is connected to the MK-92 docking station. I would really like to draw your attention to the plug. It is made of very soft rubber and just fits perfectly in the socket. As soon as I bought the calculator, I probably twisted and turned this plug for half an hour, wondering why modern manufacturers of mobile phones and PDAs don’t make these? On front side contains the keyboard and display. On the back side we see two compartments. One takes four AA batteries (if you operate on mains power, no batteries are required), and the other takes two SMPs (removable memory module). The inscriptions on the front side are slightly erased. This is the result of rubbing with alcohol. Moreover, the Cyrillic letters, painted with black paint, were not damaged at all by alcohol. In general, the microcomputer is made to last. Despite its age, everything works great. When I wrote programs on it, I connected it to the network. So, my leg accidentally pulled the wire going under the table three times. At the same time, the MK-90 itself fell to the floor. He survived the first two falls, but after the third he refused to turn on. As it turned out, the problem would be that the wire in the connector coming from the power supply had come off. Naturally, the problem was immediately fixed.

Rice. 1. Electronics MK-90

Rice. 2. Electronics MK-90

Opening hours

With 2500 MAh batteries, the microcomputer worked for 40 hours in program execution mode!!! This “upset” me and I decided not to measure the operating time in debugging and program input mode (well, yes, I’m a little lazy)), limiting myself to saying that usually in this mode it works at least twice as long.

Keyboard

The keyboard in a microcomputer is quite ordinary, without any tricks or design delights, which in this case is not a minus, because, as a rule, in most cases this leads to a decrease in convenience. The keyboard consists of 63 keys. As you can see in the pictures, the layout is peculiar, and since you have to use mainly the Latin layout, you will have to get used to it. Pressing the keys is quite clear, but, alas, it does not always work (it is quite possible that this is due to old age)). You have to press a little harder, which after five minutes of working with the MK-90 begins to happen by itself. You can also make a sound sound when you press a key, which is sometimes very convenient. The kit also comes with a little thing (Fig. 3) that allows you to type the most common operators by pressing two keys.

Rice. 3.

Display

This is the part that really makes me happy. Today, a resolution of 120x64 pixels will not surprise anyone, but this is quite enough for this microcomputer. Due to its large size (diagonal ~13.5 cm), you don’t have to strain your eyes to see something. The texts of the programs are easy to read, the graphics look just great. The LCD also shows when the batteries are low and should be replaced. This is indicated by dots in the lower right and upper left corners. Using the contrast control you can achieve excellent readability from almost any viewing angle.

The PDA comes with two SMPs (name MPO-10 - RAM module). These modules are capable of storing up to 10KB of information. MK-90 formats SMP into 16 blocks (one program occupies at least one block). Unfortunately, they use RAM and without a battery they are completely useless. My copy still had the original batteries, which they only kept for as long as the calculator was running. But after buying new batteries, my SMPs became like new again. I would also like to note that due to the lack of any information about the interface connector, today the only way The connections between the microcomputer and the PC are precisely the SMP.

Software bloopers

An interpreter for the BASIC programming language is built into the microcomputer's memory, which is very similar to that in the well-known Spectrum. My copy has BASIC version 1.0. Version 2.0 had a few fixes, and also added new operators for working with the MK-92 docking station. I would like to note the shortcomings of the version I have. Let's start with the fact that the MK-90, unlike the same MK-85, does not have a calculator mode, which is very, very bad. For example, in order to calculate “2+2” you need to type “PRINT 2+2”, etc. Let's move on. Support for the Cyrillic alphabet is implemented rather clumsily. If you press “VK” in debugging mode without first switching the layout from Cyrillic, then input glitches are guaranteed for a long time. Also missing are some trigonometric functions (tangent, arcsine, arccosine). Naturally, they can be reached using trigonometric identities (the ability to write simple functions is very useful here), but I would like to see them in explicit form. It's also annoying to have to constantly write LET , for example, you can't write "K=K+6" , you need to write "LET K=K+6" (this was fixed in version 2.0). The microcomputer has a built-in speaker that can emit a signal of a specified tone and duration. But signals with different tones and the same duration (set) sound with completely different durations. Moreover, the instructions say that the duration is selected experimentally :)

Part 3. What I managed to do on the MK-90

To begin with, it is simply necessary to note one Polish engineer who was able to do very important things for the MK-90. This is Piotr Piatek and its developments are located. I have already mentioned that memory modules are the only way to communicate between a microcomputer and a PC. So this happens through the programmer. It is done very simply. The copy I got (Fig. 4) doesn’t look as good as the developer’s, but it performs its main function perfectly. The programmer is capable of both writing information to the SMP and reading it.

Rice. 4.

I have long been tormented by the desire to make a website on which I would post all my programs, but, unfortunately, there is a session coming up and I will not be able to do this until July. Therefore, I can send everything (exceptions are marked) described below to anyone who wishes (write to komsomolets(at)nm.ru). I want to warn you in advance that not a single program is completely completed :))
I'll start, perhaps, with programs for calculations. Of these, only three come to mind: a matrix calculator, a graph scribe, and finding the roots of equations. Unfortunately, I don’t have any of these programs now (when I wrote them, I didn’t have a programmer yet, and I couldn’t download them to my PC, and then I just had to delete them due to lack of space on the SMP), and again I don’t want to write them (and there’s no need), but if suddenly someone needs it urgently, then write, it will stimulate me :).
Next you can move on to games...
Let's start with the sapper (Fig. 5). This is one of the most complete games. The field in it is fixed (15x10), but the number of mines is set at the very beginning. Navigation is carried out using the keys "M", "E", "O", "H". "N" - press, "L" - mark. The game loads very slowly, but works quite quickly.

Rice. 5. Minesweeper

Tetris (Fig. 6). What can you say about classic Tetris? Perhaps nothing, except that my version obviously requires optimization, because... It's simply not fun to play at the current speed. By the way, in this game I decided to do a feint with my ears. Many people played Tetris as children. They came in all sorts of cases, but all were designed in such a way that they could be held in both hands, with the thumb of the left hand pressing the movement buttons, and turning the figure with the right hand. By rotating the MK-90 by 90:) degrees, we get the classic “Tetris”.

Rice. 6. Tetris

Pac-man (Fig. 7). What I got can hardly be called a full-fledged Pac-man (more like turn-based :)), but, in my opinion, by investing a little time, you can easily get this game on the MK-90, which works quite quickly.

Rice. 7. Pac-man

I also have a classic snake, but it still needs a lot of optimization :)

It seems to me a completely natural desire to be able to use the MK-90 for reading and viewing pictures. I haven't done the first one yet, but I did the second one. I wrote a program in Delphi that converts a black and white picture with a resolution of 120x64 into a program that the MK-90 can perceive. It applies several algorithms simultaneously, and then selects the one with the smallest output file (depending on the image). But most in a fast way constructing a picture directly on the MK-90 is constructed using a hexadecimal mask. This option is always offered as a choice. With this algorithm, one SMP fits 3 pictures with a resolution of 120*64 and another smaller one :). An example can be seen in Figure 8.

Rice. 8. Iron Ghosts of the Past on Electronics MK-90 :)

The MK-90 has a primitive tweeter. I also managed to get her to sing :) simple melodies. Siemens 35 and 45 series were also able to play monophonic melodies, and there are many programs that convert monophonic midi files into text that can be directly entered into mobile phone. So my program can translate this text into text for MK-90. In connection with the problem described above (signal duration), it was necessary to measure the duration of each tone with a given duration. Of course, optimization is still required to reduce the size of the output file, but already the MK-90 plays no worse than a mobile phone with monophony.

All files that are created by these programs are then written to the SMP using the above-described programmer.

It should also be added that programs in machine code can be written to SMP. Unfortunately, I have not yet written anything in this way, but I could not help but note this opportunity.

Afterword

What can I say in conclusion? Electronics MK-90 is a very unusual device. It's a pleasure to work with, even despite some software flaws. And the fact that it was created by domestic engineers makes us simply rejoice. Why does he not have an army of fans? This may be due to the relative rarity of the microcomputer. And perhaps because today there are a huge number of imported PDAs, calculators, etc., which have a huge superiority over the MK-90. But I myself don’t believe in the second option, because there are a huge number of people who value and love outdated computers, calculators and more. I hope that this article will help show interest in our microcomputer and help owners force themselves to take the MK-90 out of the closet and write something on it. I'm sure few of these microcomputers saw themselves using even half their capabilities. Since the MK-95 and MK-98 (more details can be found on the website of the collector of domestic calculators Sergei Frolov http://rk86.com/frolov/) were not mass-produced, the MK-90 can be called our last microcomputer. And completely undeservedly forgotten...

Text, photographs - Komsomolets (the author plays in the competition under a pseudonym)

Iron Ghosts of the Past - 2008

Additions or amendments to

Friends! What do you remember about Soviet electronics? I think everyone remembers the game where the wolf catches eggs. Well, maybe a couple or three more “varieties” from the same topic. For example, instead of a wolf I had a monkey! :) But as it turns out, the world of electronics is much more vast than it seems! Did you know that in addition to the well-known mechanical hockey, football and basketball, there were also their electronic analogues? No? Then urgently read this publication! After all, this is just the beginning!

Electronics IM 37

And the first participant in our parade is the electronic board game “Football: Champions Cup”. The game that probably everyone dreamed of. Everyone who knew about its existence! :)

By the way, the game even has a younger brother, Electronics IM-15, the main distinctive feature which are membrane keys. Otherwise, there are generally no significant differences. Each player has 4 buttons, three keys - the direction of the strike, one - interception of the ball. There are also separate setting keys. Setting the game type and speed, as well as turning it on. They are located on the end part.

And just a short technical description of the game:

• LED playing field (28 LEDs);
• The current account field has a single-digit LED indication.
• Powered by 4 batteries or power supply;
• Suitable power supply brand “Electronics D2-37B”, not included in the kit, this power supply is also used in the “MK-90” computer;
• Two game modes: “machine” (against a computer) / “player” (against a person);
• The game has two game speed tempos.

There was also another version of the game “Electronics IM-55” - electronic board game Basketball: World Cup. Which in its essence is not too different from football.

Electronics IM-27

“Electronics IM-27” - Space adventures - an experimental series of the game (February 1990) in the form of binoculars, with stereoscopic images. By the way, the first and last Soviet 3D portable.

Of course, the idea of ​​this game is very original, but it is worth noting that it is completely copied from Planet Zeon from Tomy, which released an entire series in 1983 similar games called TOMYTRONIC 3-D.

Of course, to be fair, it is worth noting that in the 80s the USSR practically did not build a single household appliance of its own. Most of everything that was built was taken from foreign samples many years ago. Although, given the level of bureaucracy in the country, this is not surprising. After all, creating a fundamentally new product requires quite a lot of expenses. But the benefits are not always there. IN best case scenario One out of ten went into production. And I had to answer for the other nine “why resources were wasted but there was no benefit.” But this will not happen with copying. The product was already in the series and was in demand. You can do it.

Although, of course, I would not say that this is definitely bad, but something happened! :)

The picture below is an example of what the player sees during the game:

These are actually just a couple of examples of what has been done. And with this very publication I open a whole series from the category of USSR games. So don’t miss the next publications on the site, where we will get to know fascinating world games where there were not only monkeys, but also full games, laptops and even game consoles! See you soon! :)

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