The Komi Republic is a republic within the Russian Federation, located in the northeast of the European part of Russia. A satellite map of the Komi Republic shows that the region borders the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, Perm Territory, Tyumen, Arkhangelsk, Kirov and Sverdlovsk regions. The area of ​​the region is 416,774 square meters. km. The main part of the region's territory belongs to the Far North.

The republic is divided into 5 urban districts and 15 municipal districts. Largest cities Komi - Syktyvkar (capital), Ukhta, Vorkuta, Pechora and Usinsk. The region's economy is based on the extraction and subsequent processing of combustible minerals and wood.

Interesting fact: a 6-7 magnitude earthquake occurred on Sysol in 1939, which lasted 17 hours.

Weathering pillars on the Man-Pupu-Ner plateau

Brief history of the Komi Republic

The territory of the modern Komi Republic went to the Moscow Principality in the 15th century. In 1921, the Autonomous Region of Komi was formed, and in 1936, the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. From the 1930s to the 1950s, the region's population grew significantly due to the activities of the Gulag network. In 1992, the Komi Republic was created.

Mount Manaraga (1662 meters)

Sights of the Komi Republic

On detailed map Komi Republic from a satellite you can see numerous natural attractions of the region. There are 78,000 lakes in the region, the most interesting of which are Lake Donty, Lake Kadom, Lake Vad and Lake Sindor. Among the natural reserves we can highlight the “Virgin Forests of Komi”, which includes the Pechora-Ilychsky Nature Reserve and the Yugyd Va National Park.

Reserved river Shchugor

It is also worth visiting the city of Inta, the ancient villages of Yb, Vylgort, Zelenets and Votcha, the ruins ancient city on the Torre Porre Iz plateau, the protected Shchugor river and weathering pillars on the Manpupuner plateau. Among the attractions of Komi, it is worth noting the Kaninskaya, Ledyanaya, Uninskaya, Medvezhya and Tufovaya caves, the Bogatyr-Shchelye rock, the Lekiz rock group and Mount Manaraga.

Note to tourists

Gulrypsh - a holiday destination for celebrities

There is an urban-type settlement Gulrypsh on the Black Sea coast of Abkhazia, the appearance of which is closely connected with the name of the Russian philanthropist Nikolai Nikolaevich Smetsky. In 1989, due to his wife’s illness, they needed a change of climate. The matter was decided by chance.

Map of Komi from satellite. Explore the satellite map of Komi online in real time. A detailed map of Komi was created based on satellite images high resolution. As close as possible, the satellite map of Komi allows you to study in detail the streets, individual houses and attractions of Komi. The Komi map from a satellite can easily be switched to regular map mode (diagram).

Komi Republic located in the northeast of the European region, near the Ural Mountains. The administrative center is the city of Syktyvkar.

The location of the Komi Republic makes its weather conditions and climate unstable and cyclical. During the year, intrusions of both cold and warm air masses are possible, so sudden temperature changes are quite normal for this region of Russia. Weather conditions are especially harsh in winter - winter in Komi is long and cold with a lot of snow.

Natural attractions are of great importance for the Republic Komi. Protected areas and protected areas occupy 15% of the entire territory of the republic. Komi was especially glorified by two nature reserves, thanks to which it received the name “pearls of ecological tourism.” These are the national parks “Svetlaya Voda” and the Pechero-Ilychsky Biosphere Reserve.

Those tourists who want to get acquainted with the past of the Komi Republic and plunge into the atmosphere of the past should visit one of the largest and most significant ethnographic museums under open air in the village of Ust-Vym.

The most significant historical and architectural landmark is one of the oldest monasteries in Komi - the Ulyanovsk Trinity-Stefanovsky Monastery.

There are also very mysterious places in the Komi Republic that are covered in legends and speculation. One of them is the Ural Stonehedge, located in a remote area in the Urals. This amazing monument consists of 8 stone pillars, the origin of which is still unknown.

Outdoor recreation in Komi Republic very popular, since the Komi territory is considered one of the most environmentally friendly in all of Europe. It is often said about Komi that it is here that the very air that the entire population of Europe breathes is born.

Here it stands in the middle Perm region city ​​of Perm. And in the old days, as it is written in history books, there were the Perm people and the land of Perm: Great Perm or Chusovskaya (in the Kama region) and Vychegda Perm (on Vychegda). And books taught us to think that before the founding of the modern city of Perm, the word “Perm” meant exclusively the Perm land and its people.

But Perm local historian and history buff Vladimir Permyakov ( By the way, he comes from the Vilegodsky district of the Arkhangelsk region, where the Permian once also lived), looking at old books and maps, foreign and domestic, I noticed that it was indicated there city Perm - moreover, long before the founding of modern Perm ( his article and links to additions to it with all copies of maps and books are here: http://well-p. livejournal. com/522237. html).

It is surprising that this was not noticed for so long: for in most historical publications, medieval Perm is understood exclusively as a land or people, but not a city. It was all the more surprising for me to see “Perm City.” in the indexes of geographical names given by the publisher in the work “History of Russia from Ancient Times” by the pre-revolutionary historian Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov ( reissue, in XVbooks; M.: Publishing house of socio-economic literature, 1960 - 1966. ). Surprisingly, considering that the coverage of events there ends in 1780 - this is the year the modern city of Perm was founded. And references to the “city of Perm” were made from the very first volumes devoted to antiquity and the Middle Ages.

True, reading the text using the links showed that in a number of cases the people are still meant, sometimes the land, and in some cases it is not clear from the context - the land or the city, but sometimes - definitely the city. " In 1535, a city was built in Perm, on the site of a burnt old» ( III , With. 418) - here, for example, the context is unclear; you can still, if you wish, understand Perm as a land with an unnamed city built ( I also cited this quote because the historical milestone was mentioned - 1535).

But here's another example: " in 1558, Grigory Anikiev Stroganov hit the king with his forehead and said: eighty-eight versts below Great Perm, along the Kama River, on both sides of it, up to the Chusovaya River, there are empty places, black forests, wild rivers and lakes, empty islands and portages, and the total empty space here is one hundred and forty-six miles» ( III , With. 689). How Grigory Stroganov measured the distance from Great Perm to the “desert banks of the Kama” - accurate to the nearest mile! This means that here Perm the Great is clearly some kind of point, and not a designation of a vast land. Not even the border of this land: for what is a border with empty spaces? Rather, we mean the distance from the Kama to the city that stood on its tributary - the Vishera River (or on the Kolva), in extreme cases - the distance along some road ( although where is the road in such empty places?). That is, the location of the city of Perm the Great during the time of Ivan the Terrible is quite possible to determine.

The index of geographical names also includes “Perm the Great, land » (Perm land, region etc.), but “don’t always believe your eyes” - sometimes the link refers specifically to the city: “ and gave him the inheritance of Perm the Great with its suburbs» ( V , With. 465). In the old days, suburbs were called not only those near the city, but cities subordinate to some main city. If there are suburbs, then there must be a city. Actually, it is called in plain text - Perm the Great. It was he who was “given as inheritance” by Mikhail Fedorovich, and the certificate is from the times of his son Alexei Mikhailovich.

So, the city of Perm existed long before its official appearance in 1780. More precisely, in old books and on maps there are two cities: Perm the Great and Perm Old. From map to map, these cities constantly “move” - they are designated in different places. Perhaps Perm the Great was founded several times in a new location. At the same time, the previous Perm the Great began to be called Perm Old. Perhaps the renaming did not happen immediately, because on the globe in the Vatican two Great Perms are depicted: Perm Velik and Wilik Perm (it seems that the creator of the globe also used multilingual sources).

Tracing all these movements of Perm, one must take into account the imperfection of geographical science in the Middle Ages and at the dawn of the New Age, when maps and other sources from different years were compiled, including completely outdated data. Surely, given the lack of information about distant lands, legendary information and simply rumors were also taken into account.

Therefore, old geographers and cartographers are usually considered “Munchausens” in our country, and the cities depicted or described by them in remote areas of Russia are fantasy. I came across remarks on the Internet ridiculing those who are trying to find these cities. But, as they say, it doesn’t take much intelligence to make fun of. It is much more difficult to determine how and where “fantasy” came from, whether it has a real prototype, and if so, how to find it.

For example, there are now many publications about the “lost” cities of Siberia: Grustina, Serponov, Kossin and others. Someone brushes all this aside: they say, what kind of Kossin is this? Others are watching: Kossin stands on the river, which can be identified with Kazym, in Khanty - Kasing(“moss”), which is already evidence in favor of the presence of a real prototype and a clue for its search...

Stronghold of mysterious dads

I thought that such “strange” cities on old maps were a purely Siberian “trick”, but Vladimir Permyakov opened his eyes to the fact that there are many of them in the European part of Russia: in particular, the same Perm and Kungur, which were discovered long before their official foundation. I am most interested in those cities that can be found in my region - the Komi Republic. Here, for example, is a fragment of the “Map of Tartary” (“Carte de Tartarie. Dressee sur les relations de plusieurs voyageurs de differentes nations et sur quelques observations qui ont ete faites dans ce pais la. Par Guillaume Del "Isle de l" Academie Royale des Sciences. A Amsterdam, Chez J. Covens et C. Mortier. "Avec privilege" top title "Magnae Tartariae tabula", 1742, cm . http://www .davidrumsey .com /luna /servlet /detail /RUMSEY ~8~1~31244~1150273:Carte -de -Tartarie --Dressee -sur -les -?sort =Pub _Date %2CPub _List _No _InitialSort ) .

Here we see very real toponyms. Here in the European part: Kaigorod - this is Kaigorod, now the village of Kai on the Kama ( not our Koygorodok on Sysol - sometimes you can confuse them), Pyoldina volost - Pyeldinskaya volost (Pyeldino), Yavinisk (apparently a typo, more correct - Yarinisk) volost - Yarenskaya volost (Yarensk), Ousvuima - Ust-Vym, Touria - Turya, Wosgara - Vozhgora, Pusto Ozero - Pustoozero (Pustozersk), Ustzilma - Ust-Tsilma, Isemskaia Slobotka - Izhemskaya Slobodka. But beyond the Urals: Berosowa - Berezovo (Beryozov), Kodzkoi - Kodskoy, Atlim - Atlym, Sammarok - Samarovo (a village that became part of Khanty-Mansiysk). Almost everything listed has survived to this day in the same places with the same names. Except that Pustozersk was completely deserted in 1962, and Kodskoy (Kodsk, Koda, Kodinsk, Kondinskoye) has been Oktyabrskoye since 1957. In general, the map is, by and large, quite reliable.

Reliability is also felt in the names Abdin (on the Gulf of Ob) and Iskaar (on a tributary of the Ob), easily understood from the Komi language: ob-d in- “at (the mouth of) the Ob” and Iz-car- “stone city” ( By the way, it’s depicted with a solid icon - exactly, the city). Mysterious village Parsieche north of Vychegda, if it is not just "pig", it may owe its name to the Komi term brocade- “elevation”, but this is more hypothetical.

In any case, it is unlikely that a Western European was so knowledgeable in the local language that he could forge and fantasize names in it. Rather, these settlements actually existed. And the author could not help but use Russian sources. Here in Ousvuima (Ust-Vym) and Vuima R . (Vym River) “y” is rendered asui, and the letter “u” in a number of toponyms (and not all) - likeou: very similar to the transfer from the Cyrillic spelling. In addition, it seems to me that the compiler of the map, although he made it in French, used some German sources, where “w” is represented by the letters, “ts” - letter z, “v” - letter w(as a result, on the map there is alsov, And w). In short, the author of the map strove for the most complete and reliable representation of the area and probably used all available data for this.

And here, among the undoubtedly reliable names, we see the mysterious Papinougorod - Papinovgorod. Near the river Ielen (Elets?) and Ussa (Usa) is a tributary of the Pechora. To the south - another tributary of the Pechora - Czegur (Shchugor). All rivers are real, but the picture of their location is noticeably distorted, because the upper reaches of the Usa are connected to the upper reaches of the Sosva. But along Usa and Yelets there was and is one of the routes to Siberia - with a pass through Kamen. Although the climate here near Vorkuta is harsh, being on an important trade route has its advantages for the city. But what kind of Papinovgorod is this?

I searched the Internet for Russian and Latin spellings and found little. Specifically, what the Swedish diplomat and traveler Peter Petrey from Erlesund (1570 - 10/28/1622) wrote about Papinovgorod: “ On the same Pechora River, another city with a fortress was built, which is called Papinovgorod, and the people are Papinov. In the old days it had its own rulers and princes, but now it is subject to the Grand Duke. Beyond this land, several hundred miles north to the Arctic Sea, there are other regions and peoples whom the Russians call Samoyeds. These are people eating themselves"(http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus9/Petrej2/text12.phtml?id=1092).

The source, of course, is the same... Petrei did not really like the Muscovites, because our people “led him by the nose” a little. The vicissitudes of his mission were described in detail by Lydia Grot in the book “ The interrupted history of the Russians. Connecting separated eras» ( M.: Veche, 2013, p. 9 - 33). So on occasion I draw attention to good new book Grotto, although it is on a completely different topic: about the Rus and partly about where the Norman theory came from. The fact is that this Petrei is one of the pillars of Normanism - an idea, in itself, fantastic. But he himself did not particularly fantasize: he simply read his ideological predecessors - Magnus and others, and added something of his own - for opportunistic reasons - and published it.

As for geographical information about remote regions of Russia, where Petrei himself had never been, then he probably simply retold the information collected in Russia. It is impossible to discern his particular political interest in distorting this particular geographical information.

Apparently, some information about Papinovgorod circulated in Europe. It is not known whether anything remained of this city by 1742, when the “Map of Tartaria” was compiled, but its author, it seems, did not rely on Petrei, for he located the city not on the Pechora, but far from it - on its tributary.

Let's say Papinovgorod really existed. But then what kind of people are daddy’s? What is their ethnic nature, and where does the ethnonym come from? By nature, this could be anyone: Samoyed relatives, Ugrians, Komi, and the old-time Russian population - apparently, it’s easier to first find a city and then identify it.

As for the ethnonym, the ending reminds me of the Komi word drunk- “sons”: something like *pa?-piyan- descendants of no one Pa(?). If the name is Samoyed, then Nenets comes to mind first share or pe- “forest, mountain, rock, stone.” According to one version, the Pechora River was named after the people oven, whose name is pe Chera- means “forest dwellers” in Nenets. The forest Nenets of the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk districts have a self-name - pyan-hasava- “forest people”.

Maybe, daddy's- ethnonym akin oven And Pyan-Hasave. But if we assume the location of Papinovgorod in the treeless upper reaches of the Usa, near the mountains, here pe- rather “mountain”, and dad’s - “mountain residents”. Considering that there are many hybrid Komi-Nenets toponyms, so maybe the ethnonym daddy's- hybrid? Let's say pe-piyan- something like “sons of the mountains”. Let's say the Komi partially translated into their language Nenets name and handed it over to the Russians, and the Russians to the Western Europeans. Perhaps daddy’s is “ Samoyed stone"from Russian documents of the 16th-17th centuries.

That is, there is nothing incredible in the name of Papa’s: a people, tribe or clan with that name could well have existed. Either this is not the name of a “people”, but of the inhabitants of a specific settlement, descending from some common ancestor - the founder of the settlement. For example, there is a village in Komi Savapiyan- literally “sons of Sava.” The same can happen with Papinov's name. However, the origin of the ethnonym does not say anything about the ethnic nature of its bearers. To determine it, you first need to find a settlement.

But where to look? On Pechora (according to Petrey’s notes) or in the upper reaches of the Usa, in the Urals? Is it really necessary to comb the entire stretch of the ancient route: from the upper reaches of the Usa to the place where it flows into the Pechora? According to our logic, the mouth of the Usa is more favorable: both in climate, and in the presence of forests for construction, and as a crossroads. It is not for nothing that in the 1930s Ust-Usa was the center of the Pechora district...

But who knows what dad’s logic was? Maybe at the time the city was founded the climate was milder and the forest grew to the north? Or maybe their “city” was not made of wood, but of earth? And in it there were not huts, but plagues? Or was the city made of stone? Perhaps they considered it their duty to occupy the passage through the Stone Belt and collect taxes there? Petrei writes about the fortress... Or maybe Papa’s family was also fed by reindeer herding? Then the location on the road through the Urals can be considered quite successful.

In general, this whole story with Papinovgorod and the Papi people is very vague.

Dear visitors of EtoRetro.ru, you have a collection old photographs of the city of the Komi Republic? Join us, publish your photos, rate and comment on the photos of other participants. If you recognize a place in an old photograph, an address, or recognize the people in the photo, please provide this information in the comments. Project participants, as well as ordinary visitors, will be grateful to you.

Our members have the opportunity to download old photographs in original quality (large size) without the project logo.

What is retro photography, or how old should it be?

What can be considered old photograph worthy of publication on our project? These are absolutely any photos, starting from the invention of photography (the history of photography begins in 1839) and ending with the end of the last century, everything that is now considered history. And to be specific, this is:

• photographs of the Komi Republic of the mid and late 19th century (usually the 1870s, 1880s, 1890s) - the so-called. very old photographs (you can also call them antique);
• Soviet photography (photos from the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s, early 90s);
• pre-revolutionary photography of the Komi Republic (before 1917);
• military retro photographs - or photos from war times - this includes the First World War (1914-1918), the Civil War (1917-1922/1923), the Second world war(1939-1945) or in relation to our Motherland - the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), or WWII;

Please note: retro photographs can be either black-and-white or color (for later periods) photographs.

What should be captured in the photo?

Anything, be it streets, buildings, houses, squares, bridges and other architectural structures. This could be another type of transport of the past, from carts. These are the people (men, women and children) who lived during those times (including old family photographs). All this is of value and great interest to EtoRetro.ru visitors.

Collages, vintage postcards, posters, vintage maps?
We also welcome both series of photographs (using the ability to upload several photographs in one publication) and collages (an elaborate combination of different photographs, usually of the same place using some kind of graphic editor) - type - was/has become, one way or another immersing you in a kind of time travel, reflecting a look into the past. Also a place on the project and