Maps 1 100. Topographic maps

After the Second World War, the military triangulations of independent states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland) as well as Germany were combined into one system (triangulation network of 2, 3, 4 classes). An accurate triangulation network was necessary when creating topographic surveys on a scale of 1:25000 and small scale maps.

In the USSR, since 1942, Krasovsky's reference ellipsoid has been used. Krasovsky's ellipsoid is a reference ellipsoid, the dimensions of which were derived in 1940 at the Central Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photography and Cartography (TsNIIGAiK) by Soviet geodesist A. A. Izotov based on research conducted under the general supervision of F. N. Krasovsky.

The dimensions of Krasovsky's ellipsoid were derived from degree measurements made in the territory of the former USSR, Western European countries and the USA. Although the above-mentioned degree measurements, together with the definitions of gravity, led to the conclusion that the geoid figure could be more correctly represented by a triaxial ellipsoid, the ellipsoid was nevertheless accepted as an ellipsoid of revolution.

Krasovsky's ellipsoid is characterized by the following values: semimajor axis a 6378 245 m; Earth compression 1:298.3.

The position (orientation) of the Krasovsky ellipsoid in the body of the Earth is determined by the geodetic coordinates of the center of the round hall of the Pulkovo Observatory:
latitude B0 = 59°46"18.55",
longitude L0 = 30°19"42.09",
the height x0 is set equal to zero.

Krasovsky's ellipsoid is also used in geodetic and cartographic works in all countries former USSR, in Eastern Europe, China, India, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia and other countries.

In the territory of the former USSR, Russia and a number of other countries, a similar Gauss-Kruger projection is used for large-scale maps. In 1825, Carl Friedrich Gauss solved the general problem of depicting one surface on another while preserving the similarity in infinitesimal parts. Working formulas for the projection were derived by A. Kruger in 1912. This projection is conformal, or equiangular, i.e. preserves angles and directions.

In 1959-1969, the military completed a triangulation network of classes 2, 3, 4 on the territory of Lithuania, which included about 1,800 points. Maps published in the USSR since 1942 use the 1942 coordinate system or SK-42. For civilian purposes, a distorted coordinate system of 1963 or SK-63 with a shifted frame(s) was introduced.

At the end of the USSR era (1990s), the category of topographic maps included maps with scales1:1000000, 1:500000, 1:200000, 1:100000, 1:50000, 1:25000 and 1:10000. Maps with scales of 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500 were considered topographic plans.

A map with a scale of 1:1,000,000 was considered strategic, while maps with a scale of 1:500,000 and 1:200,000 were operational maps. Maps with scales of 1:100000, 1:50000 and 1:25000 made up a group of tactical maps.

In the first decades after the war, the scale of topographic survey was 1:25000; in the 1990s, the entire territory of Lithuania was covered with maps at a scale of 1:10000 with contour lines every 1.0 or 1.5 meters. Using the 1:10000 map, the map was updated to 1:25000, the relief step on the map (h) was strictly connected to the map scale: on the map 1:25000 h=5 m, 1:50000 h = 10 m, 1:100000 h=20 m.

The main geodetic and cartographic work during the war was carried out by the military. Civil organizations carried out topographic surveys on a scale of 1:10,000 (and larger) and a leveling network. Only at the end of the century maps began to be updated not by the military, but by Enterprise No.5 under the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography.

Nomenclature of 1942 coordinate system maps

The nomenclature of topographic maps is based on a map at a scale of 1:1000000 (10 km in 1 cm).

The entire surface of the Earth is divided by parallels into rows (every 4°), and by meridians into columns (every 6°); the sides of the resulting trapezoids serve as the boundaries of map sheets at a scale of 1:1000000. The rows are designated by capital Latin letters from A to V, starting from the equator to both poles, and the columns are designated by Arabic numerals, starting from the 180° meridian from west to east. The nomenclature of a map sheet consists of a row letter and a column number. For example, a sheet with the city of Vilnius is designated N-35. Subpolar circular regions (with latitudes greater than 88°) are designated by the letter Z without indicating the column number. Sheets of millionth maps located between latitudes 60-76° are doubled in longitude; Thus, a sheet of a map with a scale of 1:1000000 will have a longitude length of not 6, but 12°. Above 76° the maps quadruple and occupy 24° longitude. Beyond 88° is the Z sheet, which occupies all 360°.

The double sheets of the millionth card are indicated by indicating a row (letter) and two corresponding columns (odd and subsequent even numbers). Quad sheets are formed in a similar way, the four columns are separated by commas.

All topographic maps in content are general geographical, which show in detail physiographic elements: hydrography, relief, vegetation cover and soils, and socio-economic: settlements, communication routes and borders. Based on the completeness and detail of their content, they are classified as reference maps.

Topographic maps of scales 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:100,000 are national and are intended for the following purposes:

1. Detailed study and assessment of the area.

2. Terrain orientation and target designation.

3. To carry out calculations and measurements during the development and implementation of various events of national economic and defense significance; when planning and designing engineering structures.

4. For organizing and carrying out cartometric work.

5. Serve as a basis for compiling topographic maps on a smaller scale, special cards and other cartographic documents.

The following basic requirements apply to topographic maps:

1. Maps must be made in a unified system of coordinates and heights, have a harmonious system of layout and nomenclature of sheets, as well as a unified system of symbols.

2. Reliably, with accuracy and completeness corresponding to the scale, display the current state of the area, its typical features and characteristic features.

3. They must be visual and readable, allow you to quickly assess the terrain and navigate it.

4. Must provide the ability to determine, with scale-appropriate accuracy, rectangular and geographic coordinates, absolute heights of points and the excess of some points over others, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of objects,

A also the possibility of producing other cartometric works.

5. Maps must be consistent with each other for all elements of content; adjacent sheets of maps of each scale must be summarized for all elements of content.

Topographic maps are the most detailed maps terrain, and the following elements are shown:

reference points (state geodetic network points, survey network points, astronomical points, leveling marks and benchmarks);

hydrography (coastal strip of seas, lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams, canals, ditches, wells, springs) and hydraulic structures;

settlements and individual buildings;

industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities;

road network (railroads, highways and dirt roads, trails) and road structures;

vegetation cover and soils;

borders and fences.

All of the above terrain objects are shown on these maps in great detail, in full.

Mathematical basis. Topographic maps are created in the equiangular transverse cylindrical Gauss–Kruger projection, calculated for six-degree zones using the parameters of the Krasovsky ellipsoid.

The sheets of maps have the form of trapezoids, the sides of which are the lines of meridians and parallels. That is, the inner frame of the topographic map trapezoid is the cartographic grid. The sides of the trapezoids have the corresponding dimensions in angular measure

(Table 7.1).

Table 7.1

Map scale

Nomenclature

Dimensions of the sides of trapezoids in angular measure

For areas north of parallel 60º (up to latitude 76º), map sheets are published double in longitude, and north of 76º - quadruple. Card sheets should not be larger or smaller than those indicated.

The western and eastern sides of the frames of map sheets of all three scales, as well as the southern and northern sides The frames of single sheets of maps at scales 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 are depicted by straight lines. The southern and northern sides of the frames of the sheets of the map at a scale of 1:100,000 are depicted by broken lines with break points every 15′ in longitude.

A kilometer grid is drawn and digitized on map sheets, the lines of which are drawn:

On a 1:25,000 scale map after 4 cm (1 km on the ground) On a 1:50,000 scale map after 2 cm (1 km on the ground) On a 1:100,000 scale map after 2 cm (2 km on the ground)

The digitization of the kilometer grid is given at the exits of the grid lines behind the inner frame and on the sheet itself in nine evenly spaced and most free places. The intersection of the grid lines on the sheet closest to the northwestern corner of the frame is digitized in full, and the rest - with the last two digits.

Behind the inner frame of the map sheets (at the intersections of parallels and meridians) labels are given for the geographic coordinates of the corners of the frame (Fig. 2.9, 7.1).

Geodetic basis These maps are presented in great detail. Points of the state geodetic network of 1, 2, 3 and 4 classes are shown - 10 points per 1 sq. dm map area. If the number of specified points is less, then add survey network points fixed on the ground by centers.

Astronomical points are shown on maps of sparsely populated areas if they are landmarks. Maps of all three scales show marks and benchmarks of the state leveling network.

Landmarks and local items. Landmarks are terrain objects that are easily identified on the map, and whose position can be quickly and accurately determined on the map. These include:

characteristic forms of relief (peaks, saddles, mounds, holes, etc.);

high-altitude obstacles (television masts, pipes of factories and factories, etc.);

buildings and structures visible from the ground and air (multi-story buildings, churches, monuments, etc.);

contours that are clearly recognizable on the ground (road intersections, characteristic bends of rivers, angles of vegetation contours, etc.).

Rice. 7.1. Fragment of a topographic map at a scale of 1:100,000

Landmarks must be shown on maps with particular clarity and care; when depicting them, the following rules must be observed:

1. The composition of each element should begin with objects that have the value of landmarks.

2. For geodetic points that have landmark significance, rectangular coordinates must be specified using coordinate catalogs.

3. High-altitude obstacles must have their height indicated next to the image.

4. Objects that are landmarks are shown with signs of the largest size (if the tables of symbols provide several sizes of symbols).

7.2. Representation of hydrography and its generalization on large-scale topographic maps

Hydrographic objects on these maps are given in great detail. Generalization on them is insignificant: only small and insignificant hydrographic objects are excluded.

On topographic maps the following hydrographic objects are shown:

coastline of seas, lakes, reservoirs and other bodies of water, islands, coastal shoals and shoals, tidal stripes;

rivers, streams, canals and ditches;

natural and artificial sources (springs, springs, springs, etc.);

hydrographic structures (locks, dams, ferries, transportation, etc.);

sea ​​and river ports, piers, anchorages, jetties and berths, sea channels, rocks, stones, reefs, lighthouses, sea and river signaling signs, etc.;

relief of the bottom of seas and large reservoirs.

Very high requirements are imposed on the depiction of hydrography on topographic maps:

1. Accurate and detailed rendering of the outlines of the coastline, such as seashores, the shape of lakes and islands.

2. Correct representation of the nature of the coasts, their accessibility and the passability of the coast.

3. Accurate and visual representation of the river network, correct display of the significance of rivers, canals and ditches and the relative density of these objects, as well as the navigability of rivers.

4. Correct representation of the nature of river floodplains and their passability (the presence of swamps, the nature of the soil and vegetation).

5. Clear display and characteristics of hydraulic structures (crossings, locks, dams, coastal equipment, etc.).

Features of the image of seas, lakes, reservoirs and islands. When compiling seas, large lakes and reservoirs, marine navigation charts are used to clarify the sea coasts, the nature of the coastline, etc.

The coastline of seas, lakes and reservoirs is depicted with a division:

permanent and definite;

fickle and uncertain(low-lying flooded sea shores, shores of drying up lakes and reservoirs, lakes in swamps, in floodplains).

In seas with tidal phenomena, the coastline is drawn at the moment of the highest standing water during high tide, and in the absence of tidal phenomena

along the surf line. Seas with tidal phenomena should be considered seas with a tide of 0.5 m or more.

The coastline of lakes and ponds must correspond to the water line during low water (the water level during the season of its lowest standing). The shoreline of large reservoirs must correspond to the line of the normal retaining horizon.

The coastline of seas, lakes and reservoirs is shown in great detail; during generalization, only small details of outlines that are not expressed on the scale of the map are excluded. In this case, it is important to convey the type of seashore (see subsection 5.1).

When depicting shores, the main elements of the seashore are distinguished: tidal strip(width 1.5–2 mm or more on map scale), coastal shoals(with a width of at least 2 mm on the map), coastal shoals (with an area of ​​4–5 sq. mm or more). Also distinguished steep banks with a cliff height of at least 1 m on maps of scales 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 and at least 2 m on a map of scale 1:100,000 (at least 3 mm long), steep and rocky shores with and without a beach. In addition, the maps show stones (underwater, above-water and drying), above-water rocks, reefs (underwater and drying) (Fig. 7.2). Detailed characteristics of qualifications and standards for selecting objects are indicated in the source.

Rice. 7.2. Representation of seashore elements on topographic maps:

1 – steep bank; 2 – underwater reefs; 3, 4 – coastal shoals and shoals; 5 – pitfalls and surface rocks

Lakes and reservoirs are shown from an area of ​​1 sq. mm or more on map scale. Regardless of size, the following lakes are plotted:

1. Lakes, which are landmarks, and their sizes may increase slightly

2. Freshwater lakes in arid and waterless areas.

3. Mineral lakes of industrial or medicinal value.

4. Lakes that are the sources of rivers.

5. Lakes located near the state border.

When lakes are located in groups, it is necessary to display the features of their location (density, contours of groups of lakes) and the presence of channels between them. Combining lakes when moving to a smaller scale is not allowed!

Islands in the seas, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, as a rule, are all covered. Separately located islands must be applied in every way, regardless of their size; sometimes their size can be slightly increased.

Features of river images. Rivers on large-scale topographic maps are characterized by length, width, depth, the nature of the soil and flow, banks, and flow speed. The river coastline must correspond to the water line during low water periods.

Rivers and streams are shown on maps at a scale of 1:25,000, and on scale maps

1:50,000 and 1:100,000 from a length of 1 cm or more.

For each scale, the dependence of the image of rivers on their width is established

(Table 7.2).

Image of rivers on maps depending on their width

Table 7.2

River width, m, when depicted

River image on the map

on scale maps

In one line

In two lines with a gap between

From 5–15

From 5–30

From 10–60

them 0.3 mm

In two lines on the map scale

Rivers depicted in one line are always shown with a gradual thickening of the line from source to mouth.

Rivers and streams are shown with a division into permanent and drying up, in addition, with a special conventional sign underground and disappearing sections of rivers are identified (in swamps in cases where the river bed is not clearly defined).

When depicting rivers, it is very important to convey the tortuosity of river beds on maps. Therefore, when generalizing a channel, it is necessary to preserve the position of the points of the main turns, as well as convey the features of the shapes of the meanders (loop-shaped, pointed, etc.). To emphasize the peculiarity of the river, the size of individual meanders can be greatly exaggerated.

in cases 0.2–0.3 mm (Fig. 7.3). On scale maps

In one line with a thickness of 0.1–0.2 mm

One line 0.3mm thick

In two lines with a gap between them

From 5–15

From 5–30

From 10–60

In two lines while maintaining the validity

body width at map scale

Navigable sections of rivers and navigable canals are highlighted on maps in capital letters (Fig. 7.4). Also, the corresponding symbol indicates the beginning of regular navigation.

Rice. 7.4. Displaying navigable and non-navigable rivers on topographic maps

Maps of all three scales show all waterfalls and rapids on rivers with a caption of the height of the water fall (in meters).

When depicting rivers and canals with a width of more than 5 m, their width, depth and the nature of the bottom soil are indicated. Signatures must be placed on the map at least 10 cm apart

V places where rivers flow into one another, as well as near images of settlements, ferries, bridges.

U rivers and canals, arrows indicate the direction of flow approximately through 8–10 cm so that the direction of the flow is easy to read, the speed of the water flow is also indicated

V rivers depicted in two lines.

Water pipelines, wells, springs. Maps of all three scales show all above-ground and underground water supply systems (outside populated areas).

Wells and sources are shown taking into account the terrain and depending on the scale of the map. When compiling maps for arid and waterless areas, all wells, springs, and springs are shown with their characteristics. For areas supplied with water, the map

A long-time partner of Esri CIS (the official distributor in the CIS countries of Esri, the world's largest supplier of geographic information technologies), announced an update of the database “Topographic map of the Russian Federation at a scale of 1:100,000”(Registration Certificate No. 2018620538 dated April 10, 2018)

The database “Topographic map of the Russian Federation at a scale of 1:100,000”, updated in 2018, is a geographic database in ArcGIS format, created on the basis of open-use digital topographic maps of the territory Russian Federation scale 1:100,000 (13,303 nomenclature sheets). The map covers the entire territory of the Russian Federation, including the Republic of Crimea.

Coverage area - database “Topographic map of the Russian Federation at a scale of 1:100,000”

The information content of the database is based on data from the Federal Spatial Data Fund of the Russian Federation as of December 21, 2017. The relevance of individual nomenclature sheets requires clarification.

Package Included:

  • Topographic map of the Russian Federation in ArcGIS geodatabase format, shapefile;
  • Design styles with sets of symbols.

Examples of card design are shown in the pictures.



Design option for a topographic map of the Russian Federation at a scale of 1:100,000 for ArcGIS (DATE+)


Design option for a topographic map of the Russian Federation at a scale of 1:100,000 for ArcGIS (DATE+)


Design option for a topographic map of the Russian Federation at a scale of 1:100,000 for ArcGIS (DATE+)


Design option for a topographic map of the Russian Federation at a scale of 1:100,000 for ArcGIS (DATE+)

If necessary and subject to payment for the work, the data can be converted into any geographical format.

The amount of remuneration for the right to use the Database “Topographic Map of the Russian Federation at a scale of 1:100,000” and its fragments depends on the scope of the rights of use granted:

  • Personal/small working group;
  • Within the organization;
  • Corporate.

The database can be transferred with the right to publish on the Internet.

Spatial datasets included in the database:

  1. Political-administrative division (Administrative_100k)

    • Political and administrative boundaries.
    • Border signs.
    • Political and administrative units.

  2. Industrial and social infrastructure (Economy_100k)

    • Communication and power lines.
    • Communication points and structures (points).
    • Communication points and structures (ranges).
    • Production and social facilities (lines).
    • Industrial and social facilities (points).
    • Industrial and social facilities (landfills).

  3. Geodesy base (Geodesy_100k)

    • Geographic grid.
    • Nomenclature sheets.
    • Geodetic points.

  4. Hydrography and related objects (Hydrography_100k)

    • Additional hydrographic objects (lines).
    • Additional hydrographic objects (points).
    • Additional hydrographic objects (polygons).
    • Isopaths.
    • Hydrography (lines).
    • Hydrography (points).
    • Hydrography (polygons).
    • Hydraulic facilities (lines).
    • Hydraulic objects (points).
    • Hydraulic facilities (polygons).

  5. Land relief (Relief_100k)

    • Elevation marks on artificial objects.
    • Landforms (lines).
    • Landforms (points).
    • Landforms (polygons).
    • Horizontals.
    • Elevation marks of the earth's surface.

  6. Settlements(Settlements_100k)

    • Buildings (lines).
    • Buildings (points).
    • Buildings (polygons).
    • Territorial structure.
    • Settlements (points).
    • Settlements (polygons).
    • Address points.

  7. Transport infrastructure (Transport_100k)

    • Transport facilities (lines).
    • Transport facilities and localized transport characteristics. structures (points).
    • Transport facilities (landfills).
    • Roads and paths.
    • Road structures and localized characteristics of roads (dots).
    • Elements of roads and related structures (polygons).
    • Railways and tracks.
    • Facilities at railways and localized characteristics of the railway. (dots).
    • Railway structures (training grounds).

  8. Vegetation and soils (Vegetation_100k)

    • Clearings.
    • Forest areas.
    • Grounds (lines).
    • Grounds (points).
    • Soils (polygons).
    • Vegetation (lines).
    • Vegetation (dots).
    • Vegetation (polygons).

Also included in the delivery is a set of geographic data for address points, which includes a geodatabase with points and attributes and a style for building a geocoder. Data relevance: 2018.

In addition to this data set, vector maps of the territory of the Russian Federation and the world are offered for various scales, prepared and configured for work in both desktop and server-based ArcGIS solutions. Maps include layers divided into thematic categories, see.

For details please email. mail [email protected], other geodatasets for ArcGIS can be found in our geodata store.

Company "DATA+" As a GIS integrator, we carry out projects of any complexity to develop and build infrastructures for working with geodata, creating geoinformation portals and implementing GIS solutions integrated with other elements of the customer’s information systems.

Scales of topographic maps and plans

Map scale- this is the ratio of the length of a segment on the map to its actual length on the ground.
Scale(from German - measure and Stab - stick) - the ratio of the length of a segment on a map, plan, aerial or satellite image to its actual length on the ground.
Numerical scale- a scale expressed as a fraction, where the numerator is one, and the denominator is a number indicating how many times the image is reduced.
Named (verbal) scale- type of scale, verbal indication of what distance on the ground corresponds to 1 cm on a map, plan, photograph.
Linear scale- an auxiliary measuring ruler applied to maps to facilitate the measurement of distances.

A named scale is expressed by named numbers indicating the lengths of mutually corresponding segments on the map and in nature.

For example, there are 5 kilometers in 1 centimeter (5 kilometers in 1 cm).

Numerical scale is a scale expressed as a fraction in which: the numerator is equal to one, and the denominator is equal to a number showing how many times the linear dimensions on the map are reduced.

The scale of the plan is the same at all points.

The map scale at each point has its own particular value, depending on the latitude and longitude of the given point. Therefore, its strict numerical characteristic is a partial scale - the ratio of the length of an infinitesimal segment D/ on the map to the length of the corresponding infinitesimal segment on the surface of the ellipsoid of the globe. However, for practical measurements on a map, its main scale is used.

Forms of expression of scale

The designation of scale on maps and plans has three forms: numerical, named and linear scales. The numerical scale is expressed as a fraction in which the numerator is one, and the denominator M is a number showing how many times the dimensions on the map or plan are reduced (1: M)

In Russia, standard numerical scales are adopted for topographic maps: 1:1,000,000; 1:500,000; 1: 300,000; 1: 200,000; 1: 100,000; 1: 50,000; 1: 25,000; 1: 10,000.

For special purposes, topographic maps are also created at scales of 1: 5,000 and 1: 2,000. The main scales of topographic plans in Russia are: 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and 1: 500.

However, in land management practice, land use plans are most often drawn up at scales of 1: 10,000 and 1:25,000, and sometimes 1: 50,000.

When comparing different numerical scales, the smaller one is the one with the larger denominator M, and, conversely, the smaller the denominator M, the larger the scale of the plan or map.

Thus, a scale of 1: 10,000 is larger than a scale of 1: 100,000, and a scale of 1: 50,000 is smaller than a scale of 1: 10,000. Named scale

Since the lengths of lines on the ground are usually measured in meters, and on maps and plans - in centimeters, it is convenient to express the scales in verbal form, for example:

There are 50 meters in one centimeter. This corresponds to a numerical scale of 1: 5000. Since 1 meter is equal to 100 centimeters, the number of meters of terrain contained in 1 cm of a map or plan is easily determined by dividing the denominator of the numerical scale by 100.

Linear scale

It is a graph in the form of a straight line segment, divided into equal parts with signed values ​​of the corresponding lengths of terrain lines. Linear scale allows you to measure or plot distances on maps and plans without calculations.

Scale accuracy

The maximum possibility of measuring and constructing segments on maps and plans is limited to 0.01 cm. The corresponding number of meters of terrain on the scale of a map or plan represents the maximum graphic accuracy of a given scale. Since the accuracy of the scale expresses the length of the horizontal location of the terrain line in meters, to determine it, the denominator of the numerical scale should be divided by 10,000 (1 m contains 10,000 segments of 0.01 cm each). So, for a map of scale 1: 25,000, the scale accuracy is 2.5 m; for map 1: 100,000- 10 m, etc.


Scales of topographic maps

Below are the numerical scales of the maps and their corresponding named scales:

1. Scale 1: 100,000

1 mm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground

1 cm on the map - 1000 m (1 km) on the ground

10 cm on the map - 10,000 m (10 km) on the ground

2. Scale 1:10000

1 mm on the map – 10 m (0.01 km) on the ground

1 cm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground

10 cm on the map - 1000m (1 km) on the ground

3. Scale 1:5000

1 mm on the map – 5 m (0.005 km) on the ground

1 cm on the map - 50 m (0.05 km) on the ground

10 cm on the map – 500 m (0.5 km) on the ground

4. Scale 1:2000

1 mm on the map – 2 m (0.002 km) on the ground

1 cm on the map – 20 m (0.02 km) on the ground

10 cm on the map – 200 m (0.2 km) on the ground

5. Scale 1:1000

1 mm on the map – 100 cm (1 m) on the ground

1 cm on the map – 1000 cm (10 m) on the ground

10 cm on the map – 100 m on the ground

6. Scale 1:500

1 mm on the map – 50 cm (0.5 meters) on the ground

1 cm on the map – 5 m on the ground

10 cm on the map – 50 m on the ground

7. Scale 1:200

1 mm on the map –0.2 m (20 cm) on the ground

1 cm on the map – 2 m (200 cm) on the ground

10 cm on the map – 20 m (0.2 km) on the ground

8. Scale 1:100

1 mm on the map – 0.1 m (10 cm) on the ground

1 cm on the map – 1 m (100 cm) on the ground

10 cm on the map – 10 m (0.01 km) on the ground

To convert a numerical scale to a named scale, you need to convert the number in the denominator and corresponding to the number of centimeters into kilometers (meters). For example, 1: 100,000 in 1 cm - 1 km.

To convert a named scale to a numerical scale, you need to convert the number of kilometers to centimeters. For example, in 1 cm - 50 km 1: 5,000,000.


Nomenclature of topographic plans and maps

Nomenclature is a system of layout and designation of topographic plans and maps.

The division of a multi-sheet map into separate sheets according to a certain system is called map layout, and the designation of a sheet of a multi-sheet map is called nomenclature.

In cartographic practice, the following map layout systems are used:
along the lines of the cartographic grid of meridians and parallels;
along the lines of a rectangular coordinate grid;
along auxiliary lines parallel to the middle meridian of the map and a line perpendicular to it, etc.

The most widespread in cartography is the layout of maps along the lines of meridians and parallels, since in this case the position of each sheet of the map on the earth's surface is precisely determined by the values ​​of the geographical coordinates of the corners of the frame and the position of its lines. Such a system is universal, convenient for depicting any territory of the globe, except for the polar regions. It is used in Russia, the USA, France, Germany and many other countries of the world.

The nomenclature of maps on the territory of the Russian Federation is based on the international layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:1,000,000. To obtain one map sheet of this scale, the globe is divided by meridians and parallels into columns and rows (belts).

Meridians are drawn every 6°. The columns are counted from 1 to 60 from 180° of the meridian from 1 to 60 from west to east, counterclockwise. The columns coincide with the zones of the rectangular layout, but their numbers differ by exactly 30. So for zone 12, the column number is 42.

Column numbers



Parallels are drawn every 4°. The belts from A to W are counted from the equator to the north and south.
Row numbers


The 1:1,000,000 map sheet contains 4 1:500,000 map sheets, designated by capital letters A, B, C, D; 36 sheets of map 1:200,000, designated from I to XXXVI; 144 sheets of 1:100,000 map, designated from 1 to 144.

The 1:100,000 map sheet contains 4 1:50,000 map sheets, which are designated by capital letters A, B, C, D.

The 1:50,000 map sheet is divided into 4 1:25,000 map sheets, which are designated by lowercase letters a, b, c, d.

Within a sheet of map 1:1,000,000, the arrangement of numbers and letters when designating sheets of maps 1:500,000 and larger is done from left to right in rows and in the direction to the south pole. The initial row is adjacent to the northern frame of the sheet.

The disadvantage of this layout system is the change in the linear dimensions of the northern and southern frames of the map sheets depending on the geographic latitude. As a result, as they move away from the equator, the sheets take on the appearance of increasingly narrow strips stretched along the meridians. Therefore, topographic maps of Russia at all scales from 60 to 76° northern and southern latitudes are published in double longitude sheets, and in the range from 76 to 84° - in quadruple sheets (on a scale of 1:200,000 - folded) in longitude sheets.

Video on the topic

The nomenclature of map sheets of scales 1:500,000, 1:200,000 and 1:100,000 is composed of the nomenclature of a map sheet of 1:1,000,000, followed by the addition of designations of map sheets of the corresponding scales. The nomenclatures of double, triple or quadruple sheets contain the designations of all individual sheets presented in the table:

Nomenclatures of topographic map sheets for the northern hemisphere.

1:1 000 000

1:500 000

T-45-A,B,46-A,B

1:200 000

1:100 000

T-47-133, 134,135,136

1:50 000

T-47-133-A,B, 134-A.B

1:25 000

R-47-9-A-a,b

T-47-12-A-a, b, B-a, b

On sheets of the southern hemisphere, a signature (YUP) is placed to the right of the nomenclature.

The location and numbering order of map sheets 1:100,000-1:500,000 on a map sheet 1:1,000,000.

On sheets of topographic maps of everything scale series Along with the nomenclature, their coded digital designations (ciphers) are placed, which are necessary for recording cards using automated means. Coding of nomenclature consists of replacing letters and Roman numerals with Arabic numerals. In this case, the letters replace them serial numbers alphabetically. The numbers of the belts and columns of the 1:1,000,000 map are always indicated by two-digit numbers, for which a zero is added to the front of the single-digit numbers. The numbers of the 1:200,000 map sheets within the 1:1,000,000 map sheet are also designated by two-digit numbers, and the numbers of the 1:100,000 map sheets are indicated by three-digit numbers (one or two zeros are assigned to the front of single-digit and two-digit numbers, respectively).

Knowing the nomenclature of maps and the system for its construction, you can determine the scale of the map and the geographic coordinates of the corners of the sheet frame, that is, determine which part of the earth's surface a given map sheet belongs to. And, conversely, knowing the scale of the map sheet and the geographic coordinates of the corners of its frame, you can establish the nomenclature of this sheet.

To select the necessary sheets of topographic maps for a specific area and quickly determine their nomenclature, there are special prefabricated tables:


Layout of map sheets of scales 1:50,000 and 1:25,000 on a map sheet of 1:100,000. Prefabricated tables are schematic blank maps of small scale, divided by vertical and horizontal lines into cells, each of which corresponds to a specific map sheet of the appropriate scale. The prefabricated tables indicate the scale, signatures of meridians and parallels, designations of columns and zones of the 1:1,000,000 map layout, as well as the ordering of the sheet numbers of larger scale maps within the sheets of the millionth map. Composite tables are used when preparing applications for necessary cards, as well as for geographical recording of topographic maps in troops and warehouses, drawing up documents on the cartographic provision of territories. A stripe or area of ​​troop operations (route of movement, area of ​​exercises, etc.) is plotted on the composite table of maps, then the nomenclature of sheets covering the stripe (area) is determined.

Secrecy

Topographic maps of the territory of Russia up to a scale of 1:50,000 inclusive are classified, topographic maps of a scale of 1:100,000 are intended for official use (DSP), and a smaller scale of 1:100,000 are unclassified.

Those working with maps up to a scale of 1:50,000 are required, in addition to a permit (license) from the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography or a certificate from a self-regulatory organization (SRO), to obtain permission from the FSB, since such maps constitute a state secret. For the loss of a map of a scale of 1:50,000 or larger, in accordance with Article 284 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Loss of documents containing state secrets”, a penalty of up to three years imprisonment.

Moreover, after 1991 secret cards throughout the territory of the USSR, stored in the headquarters of military districts located outside of Russia, appeared on free sale. Since the leadership of, for example, Ukraine or Belarus does not need to maintain the secrecy of maps of foreign territories.

The problem of the existing secrecy on cards became acute in February 2005 in connection with the launch of the project Google Maps, allowing anyone to use color satellite images high resolution(up to several meters), although in Russia any satellite image with a resolution of more than 10 meters is considered secret and requires a declassification procedure to be ordered from the FSB.

In other countries this problem permitted by the fact that not area, but object secrecy is used. With object secrecy, the free distribution of large-scale topographic maps and photographs of strictly defined objects, for example, areas of military operations, military bases and training grounds, and military ship sites, is prohibited. For this purpose, a methodology has been developed for creating topographic maps and plans of any scale that are not classified and intended for public use.

Each card has scale– a number that shows how many centimeters on the ground correspond to one centimeter on the map.

Map scale usually indicated on it. Entry 1: 100,000,000 means that if the distance between two points on the map is 1 cm, then the distance between the corresponding points on its terrain is 100,000,000 cm.

May be specified in numerical form as a fraction– numerical scale (for example, 1: 200,000). Or may be designated in linear form: as a simple line or strip divided into units of length (usually kilometers or miles).

The larger the scale of the map, the more detailed the elements of its content can be depicted on it, and vice versa, the smaller the scale, the more extensive the space can be shown on the map sheet, but the terrain on it is depicted in less detail.

The scale is a fraction, the numerator of which is one. To determine which scale is larger and by how many times, remember the rule for comparing fractions with the same numerators: of two fractions with the same numerators, the one with the smaller denominator is larger.

The ratio of the distance on the map (in centimeters) to the corresponding distance on the ground (in centimeters) is equal to the map scale.

How will this knowledge help us when solving problems in mathematics?

Example 1.

Let's look at two cards. A distance of 900 km between points A and B corresponds to a distance of 3 cm on one map. A distance of 1,500 km between points C and D corresponds to a distance of 5 cm on another map. Let us prove that the scales of the maps are the same.

Solution.

Let's find the scale of each map.

900 km = 90,000,000 cm;

the scale of the first map is: 3: 90,000,000 = 1: 30,000,000.

1500 km = 150,000,000 cm;

the scale of the second map is: 5: 150,000,000 = 1: 30,000,000.

Answer. The scales of the maps are the same, i.e. equal to 1: 30,000,000.

Example 2.

Map scale – 1: 1,000,000. Let’s find the distance between points A and B on the ground, if on the map
AB = 3.42 cm?

Solution.

Let's create an equation: the ratio AB = 3.42 cm on the map to the unknown distance x (in centimeters) is equal to the ratio between the same points A and B on the ground to the map scale:

3.42: x = 1: 1,000,000;

x · 1 = 3.42 · 1,000,000;

x = 3,420,000 cm = 34.2 km.

Answer: the distance between points A and B on the ground is 34.2 km.

Example 3

The map scale is 1: 1,000,000. The distance between points on the ground is 38.4 km. What is the distance between these points on the map?

Solution.

The ratio of the unknown distance x between points A and B on the map to the distance in centimeters between the same points A and B on the ground is equal to the scale of the map.

38.4 km = 3,840,000 cm;

x: 3,840,000 = 1: 1,000,000;

x = 3,840,000 · 1: 1,000,000 = 3.84.

Answer: the distance between points A and B on the map is 3.84 cm.

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