Playing cards in the USSR. How playing cards became a "weapon" of Soviet propaganda

Ten years ago, in 2004, the "Color Printing Plant" in St. Petersburg stopped issuing domestic playing cards, and now Russians are cutting themselves into a "thrown fool" with foreign consumer goods. At the same time, many do not even suspect that in the USSR great propaganda hopes were placed on playing cards. Many original card decks were printed that ridiculed "remnants of tsarism", "religious opium for the people", "fought against drunkenness", "sharks of capitalism" and so on.

"Don maps" - 1919

The first playing cards of the Soviet era, oddly enough, were the White Guard "Don cards". On the unique sketches of the White Guard cards issued during the Civil War in 1919 in Novocherkassk, Don atamans are depicted as kings, ladies - Cossacks, jacks - Cossacks. The four suits of this deck show the history of the Don over four centuries. Figured cards of a diamond suit are depicted in costumes of the 16th century, clubs - of the 17th, hearts - of the 18th and spades - of the 19th. The aces are also decorated with designs corresponding to the era. For example, on the ace of clubs, the Don coat of arms is shown, which was even before Peter I, - "Elen, hit by an arrow, but not conquered", by the way, also restored by Krasnov as the official symbol of the Cossack republic.

The appearance of such a deck during the Civil War on the Don is not accidental. With her help, Ataman Krasnov tried to popularize his idea of ​​​​creating a separate Don Republic among the local population, - Yevgeny Grigorenko, the author of the monograph Russian Playing Cards: History and Style, told RG. - There is an opinion that the plots for playing cards were invented by Ataman Krasnov himself, who was a supporter of the Don autonomy and was very fond of creating everything Cossack. He renamed the Don region into the All-Great Don Army, approved the constitution written by himself, ordered the production of a "Cossack" St. George's Cross, on which, instead of St. George, a Cossack was depicted in the Don "national" costume, etc.

The reign of Ataman Krasnov was short-lived, and therefore Don playing cards are very rare. The only complete sample was preserved in an album called "Samples of the work of the expedition for the preparation of valuable forms of the Great Don Army." Novocherkassk, 1919". It is kept in a private collection.

"Broken Cards" - 1932

The Bolsheviks answered their ideological opponents only 13 years later. The popular Soviet magazine "Krokodil" published an article "Broken Cards", caustically ridiculing the true and imaginary enemies of Soviet power. The text was accompanied by drawings of a full set of figures and aces of a card deck, where the described characters were shown in a caricature.

“The figures depicted here are quite well known to everyone far beyond the magazine. All these people once played trump cards, but at the moment “there are no more, and those are far away,” wrote the author of the magazine article.

The worms, according to the artist, personified the White Guard military and political figures. Moreover, Admiral Kolchak was printed in the form of a lady - the upper part of the drawing, the lower lady was depicted by Baron Wrangel. Tambourines were foreign opponents of the USSR: Clemenceau, Poincaré, Churchill, etc. Clubs were figures of the creative intelligentsia and Mensheviks who did not share the views of the Soviet government. But the peaks personified "the dear memories of capitalism" in a socialist society.

"The king of spades (above) is a fist with a sawn-off rifle in his hand, the king (below) is a speculator-dealer. Ladies - Red tape (above) and Bureaucracy (below). Sisters. Despite their difficult nature, they get along well under the same roof", - wrote a satirist from the magazine "Eccentric".

"Peoples of the USSR" - 1929

Not all cards offered by the Soviet state were popular. Such a fate, for example, befell the playing cards "Peoples of the USSR", which depicted various nationalities Soviet Union. In 1929 there was a real scandal, which was reported by the magazine "Eccentric". The author of the magazine article "Renewed Jacks" quite flowery described the situation.

“The State Cart Monopoly decided to work “in terms of a cultural approach.” And instead of kings with janitor beards, instead of haughty ladies and jacks with lascivious eyes, representatives of the nationalities of our Union appeared. Instead of him - a Belarusian in a ram's hat. queen of spades. In our country there is no place for such ladies. Now there is a young Ukrainian woman in an embroidered shirt, a young Ukrainian woman peak. The rest of the figures match. There are also liberated women of the East (ladies who threw off the veil), there are also Tajiks (kings and jacks who formed a collective farm),” the critic wrote.

It is no coincidence that this deck did not take root, and only one copy of it has survived to this day. Due to unprofitability and "politically incorrect" deck was removed from production.

"Anti-religious" - 1934

In the 1930s, an anti-clerical propaganda deck was produced at the Card Factory in Leningrad, which fully corresponded to the spirit of building a new, Soviet life. The cards were called simply and straightforwardly - "Anti-religious". The cards were drawn by Sergey Levashov, an artist and one of the leaders of the Card Factory. Unfortunately, almost nothing is known about the history of Levashov's creation of his cards, but the very way of organizing the composition of these card figures is amazing in its simplicity and originality.

Each card is a "casket with a double bottom": in the foreground - the clergy of one of the four world religions, and in the background - the real thoughts and deeds of these "persons". The general idea of ​​anti-religious propaganda corresponds to the joker and card shirts. On the joker, the Almighty is shown in the form of a handsome and well-fed capitalist in a top hat, tie and with wings, like puppets, a leader and a shaman, and a pastor - a rather ordinary drawing in the style of caricatures from the Soviet magazine Bezbozhnik, published in the same years. Card shirts turned out to be much more expressive. For example, a "naughty" shirt for "internal use". On it, the dashing and not at all old Baba Yaga in a bright red sundress, helping herself with a broom, flies in her mortar into the impenetrable fairy-tale jungle, taking with her the unfortunate stolen child.

By the way, the cards were also produced in an export version on expensive paper and differed somewhat in drawings.

"Antifascist" - 1941

The short-term Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940 set new themes for playing card artists. A sketch has been preserved, made in black and white graphics and with watercolors, where the leaders of the fascist countries that supported Finland were presented in a sharp caricature. The fact that the cards were created in connection with the Soviet-Finnish conflict can be judged by the inscription on the ace of hearts "Voitto" - in Finnish it means "Victory". In general, all the card aces of this deck are options for what a Russian rifle with an "enemy cabal" can do.

Drawings of curly cards are made in a caricature manner. Kings of Hearts - Marshal Antonescu (Romania) and Admiral Horthy (Hungary), one with a violin, the other with a whip. The King of Diamonds - Hitler and Mussolini "in one bottle", the first - with a Nibelungian two-handed sword in an embrace, and the second - a fat man in a ridiculous turban with feathers. The ladies in this deck also have an enviable range of options and characters. These are fat, but sad fascist passions, caught at the moment of wine and tobacco sadness over the obvious failures of their "heroes".

From besieged Leningrad - 1942

Back in the prewar years, the 7th Special Department of the GUPPKA developed a methodology for conducting information warfare, which was based on the formation of a system of ideological and psychological indoctrination of the personnel of the enemy's armed forces. Well-known artists Mandel, Grigoriev, Emelyanov, Pevzner took part in the work, but the sketches of Vasily Vlasov were recognized as the best, and he was entrusted with the work of creating a formidable card "weapon".

This deck of cards, called "Anti-Fascist", was made at the Card Factory under the difficult conditions of the blockade. An exhausted and exhausted artist in a cold, dim apartment on Vasilevsky Island, catching every minute of a dull winter day, applied the finest strokes to cardboard with watercolors. The fact is that watercolors need to be painted only with natural color, otherwise the tones are distorted. After each new sketch was ready, it had to be carried to the lithographic shop, located 23 kilometers from the artist's apartment. The weakened Vlasov no longer had the strength to do this, and he agreed with his immediate superior that on certain days he would meet with him in the middle of the Neva and hand over the finished sketches.

At the beginning of 1942, 17 card designs were ready for printing. Kings: Hitler with an Aryan skull, Mussolini's blackshirt with a bloody ax on his shoulder, Hungarian Admiral Horthy, Finnish Marshal Mannerheim with a whip in his hand. Jacks - caricatures of the associates of the "possessed Fuhrer" - Goebbels, Himmler, Goering and Ribbentrop. In total, more than 700 map sheets were printed.

Packed in waterproof paper, the cards were lowered into a bucket of water and left for several hours. The deck has stood the test. The "export" goods were ready for "casting" - the forces of the partisan detachments scattered the cards in the enemy units. The second edition of this "killer" deck was released only at the beginning of 1943, which is not surprising for the conditions in which the "Anti-Fascist" cards were born.

"Antifascist" - 1943

Another deck of playing cards is known, created by the front-line artist Ivan Khartkevich, who in 1942-1943 served in the editorial office of the propaganda newspaper Soldatenfreund ("Soldier's Friend"). A feature of Khartkevich's work was the inscriptions of the "trench jargon" of German prisoners of war. For example, on the six they placed (translated into Russian) "Hitler sowed for 6 years - you reap the harvest", on the seven - "7 days in the East - a week of hell in the lost positions." The joker turned out to be especially interesting - a simple German soldier, overshadowed by the thought: "When the game began, I was careless and modest, but it is coming to an end, and I know its outcome. Only the fall of Hitler will save Germany. I decide my own fate!"

These cards, conceived also as a pass on the front line when surrendering, were never printed during the war. Khartkevich himself described this situation as follows: "The rapid offensive of the Red Army began, and, perhaps, some details became outdated. And then, agitation and propaganda is a delicate matter, maybe this idea was not approved by someone at the very top" - Ales Karlyukevich wrote in his book "Interview with the artist Khartkevich".

True, the original maps have been preserved. They lay for a long time in one of the museums and were recently printed in Belarus.

By the way

After the end of World War II, the Soviet government abandoned the production of original card decks. The reason for this - high costs and weak printing capacity. Before the start of perestroika, Soviet citizens played with a deck called "Satin". The drawings of these maps were created back in 1862 by the academician of painting Adolphe Charlemagne. With the decline of the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, in the late 80s of the last century, other well-known, but ideologically incorrect, playing cards began to be produced. For example, the "Russian Style" deck, which many Russians still play, was created in 1911 based on national costumes of the 17th century, shown during " Historical ball"in the Kremlin. The prototype of the king of hearts was the Russian Emperor Nicholas II himself, and the ladies - Empress Maria Fedorovna. Unfortunately, the card factory "Color Printing Plant" in St. Petersburg, unable to withstand the test of time and competition with cheap foreign cards, in 2004 ceased to exist for almost two centuries.However, the traditions of Russian card artists and graphic artists in modern Russia continue small printing enterprises in different regions of the country.

Let's plunge a little into the history of Russian playing cards. And oddly enough, one online store that sells, among other things, reprints will help us with this. vintage maps. These are absolutely new cards, but released according to the sketches of those that were once released. Link to the site at the end of the post.

The first playing cards in Russia appeared during the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich. But before Peter I, all cards were exclusively imported. In general, they were considered a great sin. Under the reformer tsar, the attitude to card games (as well as to alcohol, smoking, coffee, etc.) is changing. Even their production begins in Moscow. But it reached a large scale much later, under Alexander I, who monopolized the production of playing cards. This brought considerable income, which was directed to the maintenance of the Empress's department, which took care of orphans.

RUSSIAN TAROQ

Since the last quarter of the 18th century, tarok has been mentioned for the first time among card games in Russia. To play tarok, a very specific deck of 78 sheets is used, including 22 special numbered cards called the Major Arcana. The tarok deck was one of the first to be made in the card workshops of the Alexander manufactory. The need to issue tarok cards was specifically mentioned in a special regulation in 1819 at the establishment of the Card Factory. The tarok deck in the 30s - 40s of the 19th century was the most expensive in the assortment of the Card Factory and cost 70 kopecks (8 rubles 40 kopecks for a dozen decks). The production of Russian tarok cards continued until at least 1855, when they are last mentioned in the "Table of Prices of Different Kinds of Cards" of the Card Factory.

RUSSIAN PLAYING CARDS OF 1798

Produced at Russian tax-paying card manufactories.

RUSSIAN PLAYING CARDS OF 1815

FOR THE KINGDOM OF POLISH

Cards were issued by the Imperial Card Factory specifically for the Polish provinces annexed to Russia at the beginning of the 19th century and were called "Cards made for the Kingdom of Poland." The most important differences between these cards are the drawings. card suits of the German type, as well as a different composition of card figures, in which there are no ladies, but, in addition to the king, there are two more “male” persons - the vyshnik and the nizhnik (in relation to Russian cards, it was, as it were, a jack high and a low jack).

GEOGRAPHICAL MAPS OF RUSSIA

Geographic maps were invented and compiled by K. M. Gribanov in 1830. This is the first independent sample of cards published at the Card Factory at the Alexander Manufactory in St. Petersburg. The deck of Konstantin Gribanov consists of 60 cards, although the standard full deck has 52 cards. This is due to the fact that the author pursued the goal of creating a thematic geographic deck with the image of all administrative-territorial units Russian Empire. In 1830 there were 60 such units. front side each card, divided into four parts, shows a playing card, a provincial coat of arms, a local costume and a list of cities in the province. Another feature of these cards is its "back" ( back side) - on each card it has its own and represents geographical map administrative unit indicating the distance to St. Petersburg and Moscow

RUSSIAN PLAYING CARDS 1850

A very rare Russian deck produced at the Imperial Card Factory.

SKETCHES BY A.E. BEIDEMAN

In the early 1860s, the academician of historical painting Beideman was involved in the creation of projects for new playing cards. A talented draftsman and illustrator, Beideman showed classic literary types in the drawings of this deck. The deck has never been released.

Beideman was also a master of humorous compositions, which is evident in the drawings of this deck. A test print was made from the drawings, but the deck was never published.

HUNTING CARDS

The deck of cards was created in 1860 by the court painter of the Russian Emperor Alexander II, Mihai Zichy. All cards depict imperial hunting scenes and miniature images of standard playing cards. The deck was intended for the Card Factory, but was not published.

ROAD

A deck produced at the Imperial Card Factory in the 1860s. Artist A.I.Charlemagne.

NEW FIGURES

One of the decks of cards, prepared in 1862 by Academician A.I. Charlemagne by order of the Card Factory.

EYE

A deck issued by the Imperial Card Factory in 1870.

2 GRADE

A deck also released in 1870.

1 SORT

A deck issued by the Imperial Card Factory in 1875. The quality of drawing is really higher than that of the 2nd grade.

POLISH

The deck has been manufactured by the Imperial Card Factory since 1881. These cards were a collection of images so heterogeneous and unusual that in subsequent years this became the reason for the appearance of various names for it. In Russia, this deck was called “Figured”, in Germany Zirkuskarte (Circus cards), in Italy “Trappola” - after an old card game, which requires a special deck of 36 sheets.

EXCELLENT GRADE

A deck produced by the Imperial Card Factory in 1897. Artist Karazin.

M.O.MIKESHIN. SKETCH OF PLAYING CARDS

The project of playing cards for the Imperial Card Factory by the famous Russian sculptor and artist M.O. Mikeshin was built in 1890. The project was made "in the Russian style", very fashionable at that time, and includes sketches of halves of 12 figured cards, that is, all the figures of an ordinary card deck, made in the form of characters from Russian fairy tales. The design of the deck was demonstrated at the All-Russian Exhibition of Printing, held in St. Petersburg in 1895, and received very flattering responses there. But the cards did not go into circulation due to "heaviness and lack of freedom of style", as it is written in the "History of Russian Art" edited by I. Grabar.

RUSSIAN STYLE

The deck "Russian style" is one of the most successful card projects in Russia. Repeated attempts to create decks in the Russian national spirit were unsuccessful before. The drawings of this deck were based on the costumes of the participants in the famous "Historical" ball, held in the Kremlin in January 1903. Those present were dressed in Russian costumes of the 17th century, and Emperor Nicholas II was in the costume of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

A NEW STYLE

For the first time, a deck with these drawings was released in 1911 under the name " A new style". When reissued in 1935, this name was preserved in the price lists of the State Card Monopoly. In the post-war period, since 1964, the deck was produced under the name "Preference" and consisted of 32 sheets.

Fancy

The deck was released in 1910. The drawings were created by the artist of the famous German card factory Dondorf and were very similar to the drawings of the Mittelalter deck.

ROCOCO

The original deck was released in 1911. In the 1930s, an export version of the deck was developed and produced - with Latin indices, a silver-plated cut. In the post-war period, card design was used for a long time for reduced size solitaire decks.

HISTORICAL

A deck of playing cards, first published by the Imperial Card Factory in 1911 under the name "Historical". The deck began to be produced again in 1930, including in the export version - with Latin indices. Figured maps show representatives of ancient civilizations - Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek and Norman.

SLAVIC

The export deck was created according to the sketches of 1911. But it was released only in 1928 by the Leningrad Color Printing Plant. The deck has Latin spelling of indices.

ALLIED ARMIES

1917 deck. The images are dedicated to the member states of the Entente.
Upd. Although this deck was not released in our country, I decided to leave it. Because it is directly related to the history of Russia.

Playing card from the "Satin" deck

Playing cards have been known since ancient times. And they have always been popular, at all times, even now. In Soviet times, everyone knew how to play cards. Both old and young. Playing cards was just folk.

A playing card from the "Lubochny" deck. Artist V.M. Sveshnikov.

Acquaintance with the cards began with the study of the names of the cards. The king is an old man, the lady is a woman, the jack is a young man, ace, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. Bubi - rhombus, red heart - blame or worms, black heart - spades, cross - crosses. So gradually they learned the names of the cards and their suits, the main thing is not to confuse. So, however, taught and numbers. Remember the first childhood card games? "Zassyha", "Fist", "Drunkard" and others. Remembered with delight card tricks and just cheating with cards.

Playing card from the deck "Maya". Artist V.M. Sveshnikov.

If you remember, they played cards everywhere. Played mostly famous everywhere card games: "Fool", "Preference", "Flip and transfer fool", "Poker", "Point" and others. Company was needed to play cards. Three people, a deck of playing cards and there is already something to do.

Playing card from the deck "Souvenir" - "Russian style"

And remember, they took cards with them to any place: on the road, on a hike, to a camp site, just to relax and the beach, to the hospital. Time passed faster while playing cards. In the yards, the men not only beat the "goat" in dominoes, but also played cards. Whole families played cards, they spent their evening leisure in this way. I remember my grandparents who spent their free time playing cards. Neighbors who were bored alone came to play with them. When relatives arrived, it was imperative to play cards with them and hang shoulder straps. Even at birthday parties, they sometimes played cards to eat leftover dishes from the table.

Playing card from the Palekh deck. Artist P. Bazhenov

There were also malicious gamblers who could not live without playing cards. For some, cards were a means of earning money and a professional activity. Someone played them for fun in their free time.

Playing card from the deck "Souvenir" - "Slavic"

And we, as children, also managed to walk everywhere with a deck of cards. They wore them to school, played cards at recess or after school, just because there was nothing to do. In summer camps, the main entertainment was also cards. Of course, children had to hide from adults. We played, of course, just like that, for the sake of the game itself. Sometimes, it happened, they played for desires, and even for money. How many decks of cards were selected by adults and cannot be counted.

Playing card from the deck "Souvenir" - "Rococo"

It was not only possible to play cards. Girls, girls and women on the cards also guessed. This is a whole science - fortune telling on cards. Each card is usually assigned its own meaning, and the essence of fortune-telling was based on how the cards fall out. There were a lot of ways to guess on the cards. They were guessing at fate, at desire, at the betrothed, at the road. Each girl knew some kind of fortune-telling and fortune-telling for herself and others. For fortune-telling on cards, there are rules, customs. There were also fortune-tellers to whom they went to tell fortunes on the cards. Something came true, something did not come true. But often it was impossible to guess, they said that supposedly you would lose your whole life. And the elderly ladies, who did not play cards and did not guess on them, played solitaire from cards in their free time. There are also many types of solitaire. The main thing in solitaire is that the entire deck of cards must decompose according to some specific conditions.

Playing card from the deck "On the motifs of opera sets". Artist V.M. Sveshnikov.

And we're not going anywhere from cards. They are walking with us. Only now they have been slightly improved and modified. Playing cards now gone to the casino, slot machines, in computer and phone games. IN computer games card games and solitaire are not the last. Even guessing now simple cards, but with special divination cards, or tarot cards. Well, in the masses, people still play cards, in the usual "fool".

The most popular type of maps in the USSR were "Satin maps", the design of which has not changed in Russia for more than 150 years. The drawing itself was created in the middle of the 19th century by the academician of painting Adolf Iosifovich Charlemagne. The very concept of "satin" refers to the method of manufacture - printing on "satin" paper, rubbed with talc. Cards printed on such paper shuffled well, were not afraid of moisture, unlike plain paper, which did not have such advantages. Over time, they stopped making maps of lower quality, and the name “satin” was assigned precisely to the drawing of maps by Academician Charlemagne. The production of cards was launched in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, at the state-owned Alexander Manufactory, at which the Imperial Card Factory began to operate in 1819. In the second half of the 19th century, the Satin deck became widespread in the Russian Empire.

AI Charlemagne did not create a fundamentally new card style. The satin cards were the result of the processing of already existing card designs that were used as early as the 17th and early 18th centuries in Moscow card factories, which are also based on the so-called "North German picture", which came from an ancient folk French card deck.

The success of the Atlas maps can be explained by 2 reasons: 1) "technological" - sketches in four colors - black, yellow, blue and red. 2) Drawings of card figures are concise and simple, but at the same time they have their own unique style, and it seems that the character of the depicted character can be understood from the drawing of the card.

The original sketches of A. I. Charlemagne were kept in the archives of the State Card Monopoly, a Soviet institution that was in charge of selling playing cards in the USSR. After its elimination, they were in the collection of Alexander Semyonovich Perelman, a Leningrad collector and historian of playing cards, who had the largest collection of cards and card attributes in the USSR. Then the Perelman collection was acquired by the Peterhof Museum, where the only Museum of Playing Cards in Russia is open.

By the way, the most massive manufacturer of playing cards in the USSR, and then in the CIS, was the Leningrad Color Printing Plant (LCCP; 110 Obukhovskaya Oborony Avenue), until the 1970s, called the 3rd Leningrad Offset Printing Factory of Glavpoligrafprom.

The artist Viktor Mikhailovich Sveshnikov created a series of drawings that became the basis for various playing cards, such as Lubok. Published at KCP since 1981. Initially, a deck of 54 cards was conceived, but a deck of 36 went on sale. Although a full deck of 54 cards was released in 1982, it was published in a small edition and is now very rare.

In general, splint is a type of fine art, which is characterized by clarity and capacity of the image. Lubok is also called a folk (folklore) picture and is associated with a colored graphic image, replicated in print. Often the splint had a decorative purpose. Lubok was a kind of folk art. Lubok is characterized by simplicity of technique, laconism of visual means.

Mayan

Playing cards designed by the artist V. M. Sveshnikov, on the theme of the ancient Mayan culture. Playing cards. Satin, 54 cards. Leningrad color printing plant Soyuzpoligrafprom.

Palekh

Playing cards "Palekh" 1937. Artist P. Bazhenov. Reprinted many times during the Soviet period. Now they are printed in excellent quality by the Piatnik factory (Austria).

Publisher: Alexei Orleansky, Rybinsk. work on card deck the artist began in 1985, while studying at the Palekh Art College, and continued it for ten years. The well-known Palekh art critic V. T. Kotov rendered great help to him. The young master brought his sketches to him and received valuable advice and comments. So, V. T. Kotov drew the artist's attention to the need to work more from nature, because evil spirits often have a human appearance. Friends and acquaintances of the artist willingly volunteered to pose for such unusual characters. Then work on the card deck was interrupted, because. At that time, the author had no real opportunity to publish it. However, the St. Petersburg collector of playing cards A. S. Perelman, who saw these sketches, convinced the artist to continue the work he had begun. Thus, in the summer of 1994, a deck of 56 cards was completed. Subsequently, only a few amendments were made.

There are many kinds of evil spirits in nature. Most likely, almost all the evil spirits living on earth are the fallen angels who fell from heaven, one of them where he fell, he remained there. Demonic beings, representing the lower stage of the East Slavic pantheon, are commonly called undead by the people. All harmful spirits that do not have a soul and flesh, but live in the form of a person, belong to the undead. Typical representatives of the undead are the goblin, brownie, field worker, bannik, water, kikimora. A number of lesser-known spirits also belong to the undead, such as a ovinnik (bean goose), a courtyard, a cowshed and a podpolyannik, as well as a noon, a vodynikha, a leshachikha, a pole, an igosha, a zhikhar, a layun and a tickler, mezheviki and meadows, prosecutors and okoyoms, fevers, planetaries, duboviks, foresters, flywheels, etc. etc. All these creatures are speechless and are able to talk only in fairy tales.

The transitional link from undead to evil spirits, which is clearly of earthly origin - mermaids (their variety of shishiga, mavka), in some cases they are endowed with the gift of speech. The same category includes nocturnals, goddesses and shulikuns - all these are disembodied spirits from the category of "mortgaged" dead, i.e. who died an unnatural death, and are also definitely classified as undead. Witchers, house-movies (not to be confused with brownies) and ghouls belong to the mortgaged dead who have flesh - these are not spirits, but ghouls. But such representatives of evil spirits as double souls and werewolves are neither spirits nor ghouls, they have both a soul and a body, a double soul even has two souls.

Kashchei, Baba Yaga and the one-eyed famously stand somewhat apart, the characters were not originally fairy tales, but became the heroes of many folk tales, these should be attributed rather to ghouls. The demons and their subspecies anchutka (a cross between a devil and a duck) are a special tribe, endowed with a soul, almost the same as that of people, and the most accurate definition of this family is devilry. Of the undead, the closest to them is the merman, who is often called the devil. The above characters have one thing in common, they are all inherently werewolves.

For comparison, changes in satin maps of different periods in the USSR and Russia on the example of the jack of hearts.
Left to right: 1911, 1930, 1959, 1989, 1996.
So here are the main changes.
After the revolution / coup of 1917, the symbols of the empire - the double-headed eagles - disappeared on the maps.
From about the 30s to the 80s, the older cards lack the frame and complex toning on the faces.
80s peak quality of the domestic cart industry. Frames on older maps and complex toning on faces are returning.
Indices have been changed since 1995 - they are increasing, and another logo appears on the ace of tambourines. The Joker becomes colored.

In the first half of the 20th century, the silhouette on the suit icons also changes, this is especially noticeable on spades and hearts.

It seems to me that in 1995 the indexes were increased not entirely successfully, the font was not in the spirit of satin maps. The only time an edition with a successful font was in a deck of a domestic unknown publisher in 2003

According to some collectors, for example, Alexander Sukhorukov, the joker appeared in a satin deck after the First World War.
For example, here are several jokers from different periods from right to left from top to bottom: a joker from 50s decks, a joker from 80s decks, a joker from an export deck, two jokers in color from a 1995 deck.

In 2004, satin maps were no longer produced in Russia due to the closure of the factory.

Cards of the Chinese cart industry are made of soft laminated cardboard and are sold in stalls for 20 rubles.

Other posts about satin maps.