Map of the Sterlitamak district of the Ufa province. Sterlitamak peasants

Orenburg province first appeared on geographical map of the Russian Empire during the reign of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna in 1744. As in the vast majority of Russian provinces, the administrative boundaries of the Orenburg province underwent one or another change from time to time - new lands were assigned to its composition, and then, some time later, old and etc., etc. So, in 1752, the town of Guryev was assigned to the Orenburg province from the Astrakhan province, and in 1773, already under Catherine the Second, the ancient Volga town of Samara was transferred from the Kazan province to the Orenburg province. As of October 1775, the Orenburg province consisted of three provinces: Orenburg, Iset and Ufa. In 1782, with a broad stroke of the pen of the same Catherine the Second, the Ufa governorship was formed, which included two regions - the Ufa region itself and the Orenburg region. The first included eight counties: Belebeevsky, Birsky, Bugulminsky, Buguruslansky, Menzelinsky, Sterlitamaksky, Ufa and Chelyabinsky. And in the second, Orenburg, four districts were assigned - Buzuluksky, Verkhneuralsky, Sergievsky and Orenburgsky. At the same time, the cities of Guryev and Uralsk were brought under the administrative subordination of the Astrakhan province, and Orenburg became the center of the new entity.

We have this card in high resolution.
The geographical atlas of 1821 will be available for download on the Russian Empire page.

• maps of Verkhneuralsky district
• maps of Orenburg district
• maps of Orsky district
• maps of Trinity district
• maps of Chelyabinsk district

In the Orenburg province in whole or in part
There are the following maps and sources:
(except for those indicated on the main page of the general
all-Russian atlases, which may also include this province)

General survey (1780s - 1790s)
Land survey map - non-topographic (it does not indicate latitudes and longitudes), hand-drawn map, in time for the Orenburg province of the early 19th century, very detailed - on a scale of 1 inch 1 verst or in 1 cm 420 m, or 1 inch = 2 versts. A single county on a single layout could be drawn on several huge sheets.
The purpose of the survey map is to indicate the boundaries of private land plots (so-called dachas) within the county.

Lists of populated places in the Orenburg province in 1871
This is a universal reference publication containing the following information:
- status of a settlement (village, hamlet, hamlet - proprietary or state-owned, i.e. state);
- location of the settlement (in relation to the nearest highway, camp, well, pond, stream, river or river);
- the number of households in a settlement and its population (the number of men and women separately);
- distance from the district town and camp apartment (camp center) in versts;
- presence of a church, chapel, mill, etc.
The book contains 108 pages plus general information.

Under Paul the First, in 1796, during the next administrative-territorial reform, the Ufa governorate was transformed into the province of the same name with the former provincial center in Orenburg. In 1802, under Alexander the First, when the next revision of the administrative boundaries of Russian provinces took place, the powers of the provincial center were transferred to Ufa. Once again, the borders of the Orenburg province were revised during the reign of Nicholas the First, when in 1850, in connection with the establishment Samara province the counties of Bugulminsky, Buzuluksky and Buguruslansky were included in its composition from the Orenburg province. The last time in history the borders of the Orenburg province were changed under Alexander the Second - when in 1865 the former Orenburg province was divided into two independent administrative units, the Ufa and Orenburg provinces.

Conducting the 1917 census in the Sterlitamak district of the Ufa province

The most accurate method of studying peasant households in Imperial Russia was to conduct household censuses.

Russian statistics adopted a household card compiled for each peasant family (yard, household), where all information was recorded by scribes from the words of the peasant or his representative, while European statistics used a form that was filled out by the owner himself without the help of a counter.

The first all-Russian household census of peasant households took place in 1916 and was caused by the need to collect information about the situation agriculture during the war, as well as available food supplies. In the Ufa province, the census began in April 1916 and basically ended on the 20th of July. The final materials of the 1916 census have been published.

The rapidly changing economic and socio-political situation during the war required new data. And the February 1917 congress of statisticians spoke in favor of a repeat census. After the overthrow of the autocracy, in April 1917, a congress of zemstvo, city, and government statisticians was held in Moscow, at which the head of the statistical department of the Ufa provincial zemstvo, Mitrofan Pavlovich Krasilnikov, was present and spoke. The congress approved the census program, elected governing bodies and adopted three main forms.

All types of census documents have been preserved:

1) household card, common for peasant and privately owned farms;

2) community form;

3) a special form for describing large privately owned farms (only estates around the city of Ufa were surveyed).

In addition, simultaneously with the agricultural census, a census of the urban population was carried out (two forms of document - house list and apartment card). City census cards for Sterlitamak have also been preserved.

In the Ufa province, the census was carried out by the zemstvo statistical department, whose activities were controlled by the provincial zemstvo government, and other public organizations provided assistance.

So, on May 4, 1917 M.P. Krasilnikov addresses the Ufa Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the following statement: “In order to develop a food plan, as well as for the purpose of counting the population for the upcoming elections to the Constituent Assembly, as well as to resolve the agrarian issue for the Constituent Assembly, the Ministry of Agriculture has proposed to carry out throughout Russia a complete agricultural and land census. The census program covers issues of population, non-agricultural activities, crop area, number of livestock, major equipment, area of ​​land owned by each farm and issues of land use - rent and delivery of land."

In an extremely short period of time, within a month, local statisticians carried out all the preparatory work, compiled the technical apparatus of the census, printed more than half a million house cards and other documentation. But at the same time, they deviated a little from the all-Russian scheme. For example, “a different definition of private ownership was given. farms.

According to the general instructions, the sign of a particular Vlad. household – size of land ownership (mainly 50 dessiatines – Auto.), and in our opinion, the nature of the owner’s participation in production.” There were other differences in the approach to landowner and monastic farms. Among peasant land ownership, “paper farms”, etc., are not noted.

Indeed, a comparison of the “Ufa” house cards with the house card for the Perm province shows some discrepancies. The columns are arranged differently; in the Perm card there are sections about church and monastery lands, sowing of lentils, fodder root crops and turnips, which were not sown in 1915 and 1917. The agricultural census began throughout Russia on the 20th of May 1917.

There is evidence that in Sterlitamak district the census of peasant households started on May 28. However, an analysis of community-based forms for the Sterlitamak district, which indicated (although not always) the day of survey of a particular village, shows the earliest dates of June 4 and 5.

The census, which began in most of the volosts of Sterlitamak district in early June, lasted about two months and was mostly completed by the end of July. In some volosts (Inzerskaya, Kuganakskaya, Girey-Kipchakskaya, Voskresenskaya, etc.) the census took place only in July. In four volosts (Araslanovskaya, Kalkashevskaya, Dedovskaya, Allaguvatovskaya) the examination lasted until August.

In most villages and towns, for example, Dedovskaya volost, peasant farms were registered in June - July. But in Filippovka, zemstvo registrars worked on August 5, in Praskovino-Vasilevka - on August 10, in Novo-Mikhailovka - on August 14. In the Bishkain volost, the census dragged on until the fall. Only on September 4, the study took place in the villages of Uteimullino and Novo-Bish-Aul, on the 5th in the Novo-Dubrovsky village, on the 6th in Staro-Babichevo, etc.

Apparently, the census of each volost was entrusted to several persons. For example, out of 27 community forms in the Karmyshevskaya volost, 14 were signed by Evgeny Maksimov, six villages were examined by B. Panteleev, two by V. Danilova, five forms have no signature.

A study of community forms for the Sterlitamak district shows that, apparently, the registration of peasant farms was carried out on visits from Sterlitamak. There was no continuous, one-time expeditionary survey of the volosts.

Let's look at how the 1917 census took place in the Nikolaev volost, located next to Sterlitamak.

It began on June 4, when instructor A. Melnikov compiled cards for residents of the village. Nikolaevka, volost center. Then, on June 6, he enumerated the population of Sergeevka and Saratovka, and on the 7th - Grigoryevka. The next time Melnikov appeared in the volost was a week later - on June 14th he worked in Maksimovka, on the 16th he registered the peasants of the Maksimovsky (Svistunovsky) and Novo-Saratovsky farms.

Another week passes and on June 22, the registrar E. Oskina arrives in the volost and records the population of the village. Tyuryushli, then on the 24th - Fominka and on the 25th - the Orlova farm. At the same time, A. Melnikov returned to Nikolaevskaya volost once again. On June 24, he registered the residents of the village. Pokrovskie Ozerki. Finally, almost two weeks later, E. Oskina completed the census in the Nikolaev volost, filling out household cards for the peasants of the last village on July 6th. Alexandrovka.

Most likely, an acute shortage of personnel was the reason for such a “ragged” rhythm of work. So, from June 16 to 22, just during a week-long break in the study of the Nikolaevskaya volost, the same A. Melnikov and E. Oskina were engaged in rewriting the inhabitants of the Kalkashevskaya volost. And already July 8th, page 6: Having finished with Nikolaevskaya, E. Oskina again fills out household cards for the peasants of the Kalkashevskaya volost.

Immediately after the completion of the examination, the household cards were sent to Ufa. Among the empty wrappers in file No. 447 (Foundation R-473) there is a handwritten draft - a small note addressed to the statistical department of the provincial zemstvo. Signed by the district (Sterlitamak) statistician, it is reported: “Sent to the village. Ishimbeteva (Tolparovo)... Material Kal(ichir) Tabyn(ost) was sent on August 5th. The last villages of this volost were surveyed on the 20th of July.

According to the developed plan, the agricultural census was supposed to end by August 15 - September 1. After this, local statistical authorities, by September 15, calculate preliminary results for counties and provinces (number of population, land, crops, livestock, etc.) and the results are sent to the center.

However, in the future, a difficult fate awaited the materials of the 1917 census. By September, only a few provinces had submitted results. At the Petrograd All-Russian Congress of Statisticians (December 3–6, 1917), there were no representatives from many regions, including the Ural and Siberian provinces.

In “independent” Ukraine, a separate congress was held in Kyiv on December 10–13, 1917. The agrarian unrest that unfolded in the center of Russia in July–August 1917 and the collapse of the state led to the disorganization of work on the census. Outstanding Russian scientist, Professor A.A. Kaufman even told the Petrograd Congress that it was unnecessary to develop detailed census results.

This was followed by the complete collapse of statistical bodies, only in June 1918 did the Soviet TsSU (Central Statistical Office) emerge, which gradually, in difficult conditions Civil War expands the work and, in particular, turns to the materials of the 1917 census. Soviet statisticians made a number of additions to the processing of the collected data. It was stated that the calculation of volost totals and lists of possessions is not necessary for the center; only information by district is needed.

In addition, for the redistribution of land that was being carried out in the country at that time, it was decided to determine (for each village) land norms, that is, how much land there was per yard in a given area. For this purpose, typical middle peasant farms were selected from the cards of each village. In the affairs of the R-473 fund, they are shifted by special narrow page 7: strips of paper (where preserved). The same fund also contains final calculations - the so-called work cards “for calculating labor land norms using the empirical-statistical method.”

At the same time, the Central Statistical Office of the RSFSR began publishing the results of the 1917 census. The first edition—preliminary provincial results—turned out to be unsuccessful and “due to the discovery of many inaccuracies and errors, they were withdrawn from distribution.” Only at the end of 1921 were the district-by-county results of the 1917 census released, which contained data for the Ufa province, including Sterlitamak district.

For a country that had entered a new Soviet era, new information was required. Already in 1919, a sample (10%) survey was carried out (there was none in the white-occupied territory of Bashkiria), and in 1920 the first Soviet census took place.

In the 1920s, materials from the 1917 census were still used for comparison with Soviet statistical data; even individual scientific works were published based on the results of the 1917 census. And then, for almost half a century, the 1917 census was forgotten.

Only in the 1970s. interest in this source is returning. Academician I.D. creates his works on the basis of the published results of the 1917 census in Moscow. Kovalchenko.

A good article by T.Kh. is published in Ufa. Akhmadiev, and since the late 1980s. the study of primary materials from the 1917 census becomes one of the main topics in the research of the author of these lines. In particular, for the first time in the country, a complete processing of household cards was carried out and the settlement results of the 1917 census for Belebeevsky, Ufa, Birsky and Zlatoust districts were published. This book completes the cycle of my research.

Apparently, unfortunately, in most of the country’s archives, during repeated “purges” of “unnecessary” documents, providing the Soviet paper industry with “raw materials” for the publication of “immortal” works, the materials of the 1917 census were irretrievably lost (preserved in Penza and Yaroslavl, perhaps even somewhere). In the neighboring Orenburg province there is a small number of house cards in Moscow (GA RF. F. 934. Op. 1). M.D. Machine processed 2529 farmsteads in Cossack yurts in the Orenburg region.

In Ufa, the fate of the 1917 census materials was happier. The management of the local archive in the 1920–1930s, and in the post-war decades, and now pursues a reasonable policy to preserve mass statistical sources.

In five of the six districts of the Ufa province there are over 400 thousand household cards, as well as other documentation. There are no materials on the Menzelinsky district, which became part of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1920 (apparently, they were transferred to the Kazan archive, but have not survived to this day).

However, the degree of preservation of the documentation of the 1917 census in the Central State Historical Archive of the Republic of Belarus is not the same. Unfortunately, it was in the Sterlitamak district, unlike the others, that the largest share of household cards was lost. Only here, during the census, there were massive refusals of entire villages to give information to census takers - in the village. Tereshkovka (45 yards) and Kazanka (15) in Urshakminskaya volost, Kutushevo (101) in Meleuzovskaya and Tryapino (207 yards) in Bishkainovskaya volost.

“These masses, according to a contemporary, did not recognize their friend in the zemstvo statistics. Suspecting him of serving the state fiscus, they drove him out of page 9: their villages, provided him with deliberately false information or flatly refused to give him evidence.”

In addition, already during the 1917 census or immediately after it, house cards in the village were lost. Aleksandrovka (23 courtyards) of the Zirganovskaya volost, Stolyarovka (64) and Novo-Aigulevo (46 doors) of the Allaguvatovskaya volost.

Sterlitamak district was unlucky in the future. Over the past decades, cards for other villages have been lost, including materials disappeared throughout the Tatyanovskaya volost (the only case in the province). The following table shows the general degree of security of the available data.

Sterlitamak peasants

Thus, I preserved and processed 93% of household cards for the Sterlitamak district in comparison with the edition of the 21st year, in which 92% of the population was concentrated. And the general picture according to the censuses for 1912–1917. indicates the high reliability of the data.

The greatest losses occurred in Allaguvatovskaya, Bishkainovskaya, Bogoyavlenskaya, Duvan-Tabynskaya, Karmyshevskaya, Makarovskaya, Novo-Andreevskaya, Petrovskaya volosts. In some villages, some of the household cards were missing, in others – all of them.

I tried to establish the number of households and residents in these settlements using other sources. In addition to household cards, the R-473 fund contains draft calculations of the sex and age composition of the population of villages in Sterlitamak district (case 479). The total number of households and residents was also recorded on these sheets.

Nationality was not always indicated and in most cases only the predominant nationality was recorded. Individual families of other ethnic groups who found themselves in a particular village were not recorded. In addition, community census forms of 1917 have been preserved (files 163–164), where information about the number of households, people, and nationality was also sometimes entered.

In this work, after statistical data for the villages of each volost, calculated from household cards, I provide, where necessary, additional or clarified information. They are quite general in nature - the so-called absent families who did not live, but were only listed in the village are not excluded (which I did without fail), approximate information by nationality. Therefore, the final calculations for the county and volosts at the end of the book are given only from household cards.

The possibility of individual errors cannot be ruled out either. Zemstvo statisticians, who worked manually, occasionally made inaccuracies. So, in the results for the village. Burangulovo, Aznaevsky volost, recorded 406 women and 226 men (should be 426). A comparison of my calculations based on surviving household cards and the calculations of zemstvo statisticians made at the end of 1917 - 1918 shows very similar results. Let's compare the number of residents in the villages of Aznaevsky volost.

Number of residents in individual villages of Aznaevskaya volost according to the 1917 census.

Thus, with the exception of two Bashkir villages (Bayguzino and Sayranovo), a significant part of the household cards for which have disappeared, the population size is approximately the same everywhere.

For clarification full list settlements materials from the 1912–1913 census were used. In the Sterlitamak district of the Ufa province, the influx of immigrants continued. For example, in 1912, immigrants from the Voronezh province founded the Eliseevsky village of 11 households on the territory of the Chetyrmanovskaya volost, having bought land from Bashkir patrimonial owners.

The formation of new settlements took place almost continuously, as well as the eviction of peasants for repairs, farms and cuts. Sometimes these small settlements changed names. Therefore, a number of such small settlements may be missing from my data.

The following tables present the most essential information selected from the household cards of the 1917 census - nationality, number of farms, number of inhabitants, crop area (in government tithes = 2400 square fathoms = 1.09 hectares), number of draft animals, as well as grouping by sowing, showing social stratification among the peasantry.

Information is given by volost. In the volost data, notes are given - “non-standard” answers of villagers to the question about nationality, and in volosts where there are losses, villages with a specified number of peasant households and residents are recorded. An asterisk (*) denotes refugees and civilian prisoners (subjects of Germany and Austria-Hungary sent to the rear).

We draw the attention of readers that links to the source (Foundation R-473), where the house cards are stored, are given according to the old case numbering. In recent years, the Central State Historical Archive of the Republic of Belarus has carried out a lot of work to improve this fund; the previous general volost ligaments are divided into villages, which are assigned new numbers. Therefore, users are now required to indicate the parish and the name of the locality when ordering in the archive.

In conclusion, we provide a list of volosts of the Sterlitamak district, indicating the source and names of the modern regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan, on the territory of which the volosts were mainly located.

Vintage cards

One of the interesting auxiliary sources on genealogy and local history is vintage maps. For me, the main use of maps in genealogy is to find the parish to which a particular village belonged.
As you know, records of births, marriages and deaths were kept in churches and mosques. We can consider that the researcher of his ancestry was very lucky if the village he was interested in had its own church or mosque, then he will not have any special difficulties - an inventory of the archive fund will show the presence of metric books (MK) for the desired village and all that remains is to study them in search of the necessary ones facts.
Everything becomes more complicated if the ancestors lived not in a village with their own church, but in a village (i.e. a village that does not have a church). Then the question arises of identifying the parish to which the village under study belonged. The situation may be complicated by the fact that residents of a particular locality could attend different churches, and if the desired fact is not found in the MK of the nearest church, then it is necessary to identify other parishes in which the event of interest to us could be recorded.
When determining a parish, one should take into account not only the distance, but also the geographical features of the area: large rivers, swamps or other natural barriers, as well as the presence of roads. Thus, it is necessary to understand that your village did not necessarily belong to the parish of the church closest to it. This is where the need for maps arises.
Another significant nuance is the time of construction of both churches and the villages themselves, and to approximately determine the time of the appearance of a church or village, it is useful to familiarize yourself with maps for different time periods.

For a novice researcher, the most interesting will be county maps of the early 20th century with a scale of 4-8 versts per inch.

Fig.1 Fragment of a map of the Ufa district in 1913. 5 versts in an inch.

It should be noted that such maps usually mark all the churches available for the corresponding year, the boundaries of volosts, roads, and the religious affiliation of the residents may even be indicated.

Fig.2 Fragment of a map of Ufa district in 1893. 4 versts in an inch.

Rice. 1 and Fig. 2 shows the same area of ​​the terrain and here you can see how the number of villages and churches has changed in just 20 years.

Similar maps can be found for most districts of the Ufa province:

Rice. 3 Fragment of a map of Sterlitamak district in 1914, 8 versts in inches.

The next interesting class of cards are Strelbitsky cards:

Rice. 4 Fragment of the Strelbitsky map

These maps were created mainly in 1865-75 and have a scale of 10 versts per inch. Although the scale is large, the maps are nevertheless very well drawn, which usually allows one to obtain a sufficient amount of information on the area for the period of the second third of the 19th century

Strelbitsky's maps, in general, are present on the Internet in free access and anyone, after spending a little time on the Internet, can find and download them.

Let's go back to the 20th century. After the Revolution, large-scale changes took place in the territory of the Ufa and adjacent Orenburg province in terms of administrative-territorial division. The boundaries of the volosts and their names were seriously changed, the counties were transformed into cantons, of which there were noticeably more than there were counties in the pre-revolutionary period. All this significantly complicates archival searches because The archive materials are largely structured according to administrative-territorial division.

Canton maps from 1926 can help, which, among other things, compare well with the materials of the well-known 1926 census. These maps are also useful because during this period quite a lot of new villages appeared and some old ones were renamed.

Rice. 5 Fragment of a map of the Belebey canton in 1926. 8 versts in an inch.

The next large-scale changes in the administrative-territorial division marked the 30s of the 20th century. During this period, the canton and volost divisions were abolished, and districts appeared, which, in general, have survived to this day. An interesting source may be maps of the regions of Bashkiria for 1951. By this period, a significant number of villages had disappeared, the villages were grouped into village councils. These maps often help to understand complex issues first half of the 20th century.

Rice. 6 Fragment of a map of the Kugarchinsky district. 1:100000

In the final part of our review, we will mention the General Survey Plans (GMP).
I will quote a fragment of the PGM description from some site:
General survey in Russian Empire was carried out from 1766 to the mid-19th century. Purpose general survey It was necessary to establish the exact boundaries of land plots that belonged both to individuals and to cities, churches, various peasant communities and other possible owners.
Based on the results of the general survey, general survey plans (PGM) districts of 35 provinces of the Russian Empire.
The scale of the general survey plans is quite detailed. Usually they were compiled on a scale of 1-2 versts per inch (although there are exceptions). This scale made it possible to plot many of the smallest objects, right down to free-standing buildings and household items. buildings
Most of the PGM dates back to the very beginning of the 19th century. For the purposes of genealogy, PGMs are invaluable in determining the date of formation of villages and their names at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. identification of revisions from 1st to 3rd (1720-1762)

Rice. 7 Fragment of the PGM of Birsk district.

Of course, in addition to the maps listed in this review, many other interesting cartographic documents are stored in various institutions and archives - searching and studying strange maps is a fascinating and completely independent activity from genealogy, giving important information on the history of our country.

Michael.
[email protected]