Intellectual game “I want to know everything” (based on the pages of encyclopedic books). Intellectual game “I want to know everything” (based on the pages of encyclopedic books) Arizona tree scorpion

Many living creatures use stings to inflict pain on their enemies and inject venom, but they will seem like innocent babies compared to the monsters that BBC Earth columnist Ella Davies talks about.

The sting is one of nature's most cruel inventions.

To begin with, it hurts, piercing into the flesh like a sharp lance. But the stinger is also a chemical weapon that injects a dose of toxins directly into the bloodstream.
Whose sting is more terrible than all other stings; Which animal should you avoid at all costs?
This question is more complicated than it might seem at first glance. You might think about who stings the most, or whose venom is the most toxic or the most deadly - but these are not the same thing.
Let's start with the pain. Checking who stings the most is easy: you just have to allow yourself to be stung.

Bullet Ant (Paraponera clavata)

In a famous experiment, entomologist Justin Schmidt allowed himself to be stung by a variety of insects in the name of science and developed his own pain index, with harrowing descriptions of how each sting felt.
The unfortunate inhabitants of Central and South America will probably agree with Schmidt that the sting of the bullet ant is the most painful. The very name of this insect evokes associations with the pain of a gunshot wound.
Ants have very little poison, but they live in colonies of 10 thousand insects

And the most generous portion of poison - 2.5 milligrams - is injected into its victim by a road wasp of the genus Pepsis. However, Schmidt claims that this bite is “essentially non-toxic, just painful.”
Ants of the species Pogonomyrmex Maricopa, on the contrary, have perhaps the most powerful venom of all stinging insects. Each ant has very little poison, but they live in colonies of 10 thousand insects, ready to work together to repel any threat, which can be very dangerous.
This is important to understand: stinging insects not only cause pain, but can also pose a threat to life and health. Scorpions, in particular, are known for their dangerous stings.

Yellow scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus)

Scorpions have one of the most terrifying-looking stings: the last segment of the tail, the telson, ends with a needle and a pair of poisonous glands.
However, scorpion specialist Lorenzo Prendini of the American Museum of Natural History claims that of the 2,000 known species of scorpions, only about 20 are of “medical importance,” that is, they pose a threat to human life.
The yellow scorpion is known as the "deadly hunter" and androctonus means "man-killer"

All but one of these dangerous scorpions belong to the butid family, whose representatives live in different parts of the world: from Mexico to Brazil and from southern Africa to India. However, the worst of them are concentrated in a kind of “hot spot”.
“There are a lot of very poisonous species in North America and the Middle East,” Prendini says. - The largest number of fatal cases is attributed to the yellow scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) and various types androctonus, especially the southern (A. australis) and fat-tailed (A. crassicauda).”
Yellow scorpion is also known as "deadly hunter" and androctonus means "man-killer". And this is not an exaggeration.

Androctonus bicolor

Southern autoctonus is a fearless creature that does not dig holes, but hides in crevices, including in the walls of village houses.
This scorpion can grow up to 10 centimeters in length, and its venom contains powerful toxins that attack the nervous system.
“The consequences of poisoning from scorpion venom depend on the amount of poison that enters the body and the degree of its toxicity - the strength of the effect at the cellular level,” Prendini clarifies.
“Thus, a larger scorpion whose venom contains less potent toxins but which is capable of injecting more venom into its prey - such as A. australis or Parabuthus granulatus - may pose a more serious threat to life than a smaller scorpion with more powerful venom. nevertheless entering the body in smaller doses, for example, Leiurus quinquestriatus.”
Of the 2000 species of jellyfish known to science, only 10-15 species pose a threat to human life

Most healthy adults are able to survive being stung by a scorpion, but only with qualified medical attention. medical care, including receiving an antidote.
“Most deaths from scorpion venom occur in young children, the elderly or the sick,” Prendini says.
“The bulk of scorpion attacks occur in rural areas inhabited by poor people and close to scorpion habitat.”
Partly due to the fact that deaths from scorpion stings most often occur in remote places, the available data on such cases cannot be considered completely reliable. The same applies to the most dangerous stinging inhabitants of the oceans.

Bulldog ant (Myrmecia piliventris) stings its prey

Jellyfish and their relatives use stinging cells called nematocysts to hunt prey and defend themselves.
These specialized cellular structures act like tiny harpoons. Some of them, piercing the flesh, carry a poisonous charge, aimed primarily at slowing down the movements of fast-swimming prey - for example, fish.
Of the 2000 species of jellyfish known to science, only 10-15 species pose a threat to human life.
C. fleckeri is responsible for the majority of jellyfish sting deaths in Australia

But their close relatives, box jellyfish, which, despite such a similar name, belong to a different group, can be truly dangerous.
The largest of them is the sea wasp, or Australian box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri), which can weigh up to a kilogram. Its numerous three-meter tentacles are studded with hundreds of poisonous needles that affect muscle and nerve tissue.

Compass jellyfish - nettle of the northern seas (Chrysaora melanaster)

"C. fleckeri is responsible for the majority of jellyfish sting deaths in Australia, while other Chironex species are responsible for killings elsewhere," explains jellyfish expert Lisa-Ann Gershwin of Australia's federal science agency, the Government Research and Applications Association.
In particular, if you measure the danger of a sting by the rate of death, the Australian box jellyfish will top this chart.
At each corner they have tentacles that can reach a hundred times the length of their entire body.

"C. fleckeri is considered the most poisonous animal in the world, says Gershwin. - [Her victims] die in just two minutes. And not in some cases, but very often.”
“Death occurs as a result of the heart muscle being blocked in a contracted state,” she adds. - After this, survival is unlikely - you cannot further compress what is already compressed. So all safety precautions boil down to avoiding the bite and immediately performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the victim.”
Another name that comes up when talking about the deadly box jellyfish is the Irukandji jellyfish.

Irukandji jellyfish (Carukia barnesi)

Until recently, it was believed that there was only one species of jellyfish, the Irukandji jellyfish, named after the indigenous Australians living along the country's northeast coast, where the creature's sting was first recorded in the 1950s.
But experts now recognize about 25 species of jellyfish in the order Caribdeidae - all of which have the terrifying ability to sting their victims and are found throughout the world.
The bell size of the smallest of them is only one centimeter, but at each corner they have tentacles that can reach a hundred times the length of the entire body.
The poison, which is released by stinging cells located both on the tentacles and on the bell, disrupts the flow of natural processes necessary for life.
Irukandji bites do not leave any marks, so it is possible that the number of reports of these fatal encounters is lower than the number of cases themselves

Unlike other jellyfish stings, the symptoms in this case are not immediately noticeable. “Irukandji syndrome” begins to manifest itself after 20-30 minutes: the victim experiences back pain, nausea, muscle spasms and a feeling of imminent disaster; a heart attack is also possible due to a sharp increase in blood pressure.
“The most common sting from Irukandji is Carukia barnesi - these jellyfish are simply swarming,” Gershwin says. “But medical attention is usually required for those stung by Malo kingi, Alatina alata or Morbakka fenneri jellyfish due to the severe hypertension caused by their venom.”
Compared to the Australian box jellyfish, the irukandji's venom is "much more potent for an equal volume," but Gershwin said that if treated promptly, the likelihood of death from an irukandji sting is lower.
However, it should be noted that Irukandji bites do not leave any marks, so it is possible that the number of reports of these encounters with invisible killers is less than the number of cases themselves.
Moreover, since 1883, 68 people have died from the bite of an Australian box jellyfish in Australian waters.

Japanese giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia japonica)

However, today not many people die from jellyfish stings - thanks to awareness of the seasonal appearance of dangerous jellyfish and improved quality of treatment.
Therefore, in search of the stinging animals responsible for the massacres, we will have to return to land.
The Asian giant hornet is the world's largest stinging insect, nicknamed the "hell hornet".
In Japan, 30-50 people die every year from the giant hornet's sting, which causes severe swelling.
Honey bees... have large number powerful poison, attack in thousands and are very aggressive

In the Chinese city of Ankang in 2013, a seasonal increase in the number of hornets killed 41 people over three months.
At least at first glance, it seems that these insects outnumber other species in terms of the number of victims. However, an important caveat must be made: the number of deaths due to attacks by scorpions and box jellyfish is not well documented, meaning direct comparisons are not valid.
However, it is possible that the most deadly sting belongs to those whom we, perhaps, could not do without.
Schmidt argues that the species that poses the greatest threat - or at least deserves the most respect - is one we are all too familiar with: honey bees.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) live in colonies

All these bees belong to the genus Apis. In Europe and North America, many people are well aware of the European honey bees (A. mellifera), while in Asia the giant bees (A. dorsata) are more common.
“Honey bees A. mellifera and A. dorsata have large amounts of potent venom, attack in the thousands, and are quite aggressive,” Schmidt writes.
With fewer than 500 bites, the risk of serious intoxication is low

For most people, a single bee sting simply causes local pain and swelling. However, a stinging bee releases an alarm pheromone, which is a signal to attack for its relatives.
However, there must be a lot of bites for death to occur. In most cases, Schmidt said, “with fewer than 500 bites, the risk of serious toxicity is low.”
Of course, it is very unpleasant to be stung by several hundred bees, but most of us will not die from this.
At the same time, there are several factors due to which honey bee stings can be called the deadliest.

African killer bee (Apis mellifera)

Firstly, because of man's love for honey, honey bees have spread throughout the world. Among other things, this means that a person often comes into contact with them, thereby increasing the likelihood of an attack.
Secondly, some honey bees are particularly aggressive.
Over the course of several decades, killer bees have sent hundreds of people to the next world.

Domesticated bees are trained to obey their owners, but in Africa, wild honey bees are much more likely to attack predators en masse.
In the 20th century, they were introduced to South America and during this time spread north, where they are called “killer bees.”
Over the course of several decades, killer bees have sent hundreds of people to the next world. However, they only attack if they believe that someone is threatening their hive.

European honey bee (Apis mellifera)

If you leave them alone, they will almost certainly leave you alone.
Finally, a single bite can be fatal if you develop an allergic reaction.
Anaphylaxis occurs when a person's immune system reacts too strongly to an allergen, causing rapid development swelling, which results in tissue damage and difficulty breathing.
The most acute reaction, called anaphylactic shock, can cause asphyxia, especially due to a medical condition such as asthma.
A similar reaction can occur with the bite of an ant, hornet or jellyfish, but cases of bee stings with anaphylactic shock are recorded more often.
Fortunately, anaphylaxis is not a very common occurrence. For example, in the UK fewer than three people a year die from bee stings, while in the US the number is around 55.

Age: 9 – 11 years

Goals and objectives. Teach children to use encyclopedic literature, highlight the main thing from the general, broaden their horizons, encourage them to learn new things, prepare for subject Olympiads in the surrounding world, natural history, and natural science.

The game is designed for a long time (3 - 4 training days)

The game consists of two qualifying rounds and a final final game. The time to prepare answers for the first round is one week, during which children work with additional literature. Then time is given to prepare for the 2nd round. For participants who have reached the finals, preparation time is 2 weeks.

I round "Homework"

Everyone is welcome to participate. Children receive homework in the form of 15 test questions. Children work at home: answer questions and be sure to indicate the literary source they used when working on each question. Questions with answers and indicated sources are checked by the teacher. The data is entered into the game protocol. The guys who score the most points are participants in the 2nd round.

2nd round “We work independently”

The venue is a classroom. Participants are asked to answer 15 questions using encyclopedic literature prepared in advance (encyclopedias can be borrowed from the library; participants in the game can bring books with them). There is a list of literature that children can use on the board. Participants with the most points advance to the final game.

Final game

The guys who made it to the final game are divided into teams of three. Each team chooses a captain.

Captain. Must control the preparation of each member of his team for the final game on the specified topics, help find materials and point to literary sources, read articles himself and share new knowledge, find a way out of difficulties and controversial issues himself or by contacting the teacher. During the final game, organize a discussion in the team, leading it to a common decision, determine the player who will answer on behalf of the team.

Grading:

I round “ Homework” - for each correct answer 1 point.

2nd round “ We work independently” - for each correct answer 1 point.

Final game - depending on the “cost” of the issue, the team can earn for each correct answer from 10 to 60 points. And for each wrong answer these points can be lose.

When summing up the results are recorded in the protocol.

The number of points of the final game is taken into account.

Plan - outline

The results of the 1st and 2nd rounds are entered into the protocol in the form:

I round of the game “I want to know everything”

“Homework" (The task is completed at home)

Exercise. Read the questions carefully and circle the letter corresponding to the correct answer. Indicate the source confirming the correctness of your answer in the table.

Question 1. Which animal has a sting on its tail??

A) haymaker; b) phalanx (or salpuga) ; V) scorpion.

Question 2. Dairy product is

A) hamburger; b) cheese ; V) rice porridge.

Question 3. The platypus is an animal with a duck's beak and tail. How is this animal born?

A) from eggs; b) it is a viviparous animal; V) from eggs.

Question 4. This fossil is

A) food residues placed in the ground;

b) stones buried in the ground ;

c) remains of prehistoric animals and plants in geological rocks.

Question 5. The longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.

Question 6. How many limbs can a starfish have?

A) from 3 to 5 limbs; b) from 5 to 40 limbs; V) up to 56 limbs.

Question 7. Why are forests needed?

a) provide food and shelter to animals; b) for people's recreation; V) to decorate the surface of the earth.

Question 8. On what basis can all rodents be grouped into one group?

A) presence of short and coarse hair; b) presence of a tail ; V) the presence of two pairs of front teeth-incisors.

Question 9. He became one of the first rock and roll stars.

A) Elvis Presley; b) Feritz Liszt ; V) Johann Sebastian Bach.

Question 10. What is cotton wool made from?

A) from white beans; b) from recycled wood; V) from cotton fruits.

Question 11. How many eyes does a tarantula spider have?

A) two pairs of eyes ; b) four pairs of eyes; V) one pair of eyes.

Question 12. Plankton is

A) a type of Black Sea crab; b) small plants and organisms carried by water movement; V) dense cloud of dust.

Question 13. When did people start growing plants?

A) 100 years ago; b) about 10 thousand years ago; V) in 1800.

Question 14. What sport is considered athletics?

A) hockey; b) motocross; V) high jumps.

Question 15. What is the percentage of fresh and sea water in the Earth's water balance?

A) fresh - 3%, sea - 97%; b) fresh – 50%, sea – 50%; V) fresh – 97%, sea – 3%.

Answers to questions from round 1 “Homework”:

No. 1 – B №3 – IN №5 – IN №7 – A №9 – A №11 - B №13 – B №15 - A

No. 2 – B №4 – IN №6 – B №8 – IN №10 – IN №12 – B №14 – IN

2nd round of the game “I want to know everything”

“We work independently" (The assignment is done in class)

Time – 1 hour

Exercise. Read the questions carefully and circle the letter corresponding to the correct answer. Provide a source that confirms the correctness of your answer.

Question 1. Where is the mouth of a starfish located?

A) on the tips of the limbs; b) on the lower body ; V) on the head.

Question 2. When did life in the sea begin?

A) 3.5 million years ago; b) in the last century ; V) in 1554.

Question 3. ABOUT What can fossils tell us?

A) about climate and living conditions; b) about plans for the future; V) about the TV program for next year.

Question 4. Compliance with food hygiene rules leads to

A) proper table setting; b) reducing the amount of food eaten; V) reducing the risk of disease.

Question 5. Which group of plants are evergreens?

A) oak, ash, birch; b) fir, pine, spruce; V) pine, spruce, larch.

Question 6. Music is

A). instruments, sounds made; b). type of art; V). romanticism.

Question 7. At what depth do most ocean creatures live?

A) up to 100 meters; b) up to 100 kilometers; V) from 100 meters to 500 meters.

Question 8. Which plant is a flowering plant?

A) spruce; b) fern ; V) rose hip.

Question 9. What do baby platypus eat?

A) fish; b) milk; V) small plant roots.

Question 10. Which of these animals is considered the most prolific?

A) cheetah; b) porcupine; V) gray rat.

A) insects ; b) dead animals; V) mashed potatoes.

Question 12. If it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, what time of year is it in the Southern Hemisphere?

A) autumn; b) summer; V) spring.

Question 13. For what purpose do spiders weave webs?

A) for catching prey; b) for beauty; V) to create comfort.

Question 14. In what kind of sport can it be found: racing, downhill, ski jumping, biathlon ?

a) horseback; b) ski; V) baseball.

Question 15. What helps a spider sense its prey?

A) vision; b) changes in air temperature; V) hairs on the limbs.

№1 – B №3 – A No.5 – B No.7 – A No.9 – B No.11 - A No.13 – A No.15 – B

No. 2 – A No. 4 – B No. 6 – B No. 8 – C No. 10 – C No. 12 – B No. 14 – B

Final game “I want to know everything”

(Team game)

Equipment. An exhibition of encyclopedic literature that the children used throughout the game; for option 1 – the board design is identical to the start page of the game using a PC (following the sample); for option 2 - five opaque boxes with topics labeled on them, five sets of tennis balls with inscriptions 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, envelopes with questions, for option 3 - PC, multimedia, game protocol.

Final game conditions. Several teams of three people each participate. Two weeks before the final game, the participants are announced the topics “Plants”, “Technology”, “Transport”, “Animal World”, “Water World”.

The order in the game is decided by drawing lots, in which team captains participate.

I. Introduction to the rules of the game.

Option 1

On the board:

1. There is a table on the board. The number of points depends on the complexity of the question. The answers are written on the back of the cells.
2. After agreeing with the players on the topic and question number, the captains voice their choice: name the topic and question number.
3. The presenter reads out the question.
4. The team deliberates and comes to a consensus. The team representative (or captain) answers.
5. The presenter removes the card-cell, turns it over and reads out the correct answer.
6. If the answer is correct, then the team earns the number of points that corresponds to the given question. If the answer is incorrect, then the team loses as many points from the total as the value of the selected question.

Option 2

On the table:

6 numbered envelopes are prepared in advance ( 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 ) with tasks for each topic (30 envelopes with questions in total).

1. In the presence of the players, the presenter places in each of five opaque boxes with signed topics, a set of tennis balls with the inscriptions 10,20,30,40,50,60.

2.After the players agree on the topic, team captains go to the boxes with the selected topics and pull out one ball with a number through the hole. They take the appropriate envelope containing the task and bring it to their team.

3. After the discussion, one team representative (or captain) gives an answer.

4. The correct answer is announced by the game host or members of the jury.

5. If the answer is correct, then the team earns the number of points that corresponds to the given question. If the answer is incorrect, then the team loses as many points from the total as the value of the selected question.

Option 3

PC, multimedia

Using the game “I Want to Know Everything” in electronic form

1. On the screen there is a slide [Start of the game]. Left-click on words “Start game” you go to the “I want to know everything” start page.
2. To enter the game results, click on the words “Game results table”. In the results table, enter the names of the teams in the appropriate cells. During the game, enter from the keyboard the number of points earned by team members for each question. At the bottom of the tables, the number of points earned by each team is automatically calculated.
3. Clicking on a specific square with a number opens a slide with a question.
4. Clicking on the selected answer takes you to a slide indicating whether the selected answer is correct or incorrect.
5. Return to the start page by left-clicking on the words “Continue game.”

Questions for the final game “I want to know everything”

The results of the final game are summed up by the jury members, taking into account the points earned.

Rewarding the participants and winners of the game.

Literature used:

1. Encyclopedia “What is it? Who is this?” in three volumes - M.: Pedagogy - Press, 1992 - 1993.

2. Large illustrated encyclopedia for schoolchildren - M.: Makhaon, 2003.

Incredible facts

There are many animals that are poisonous, but not all poison is created equal.

Some bites cause mild irritation, while others can stun their victim slowly and suddenly.

There are also those whose bites and stings are especially painful.

While not every bite from these animals is fatal, the pain you may experience can be unbearable.

Platypus

Considering the number of poisonous animals that inhabit Australia, the cute and clumsy platypus may seem quite harmless to you. The male platypus has horny spurs that can cause severe pain. This pain is so severe that it can completely incapacitate an adult. Also, painful sensations can last quite a long time and even lead to a condition called hyperalgesia, increased sensitivity to pain, which can last for weeks or even months after the bite.

Arizona snaketooth

The Arizona gothic lizard is a colorful lizard native to North America that can be quite a nuisance, and their neurotoxic venom is only part of the problem. Since it does not have the musculature to forcefully inject venom, it relies on vigorous chewing with its sharp teeth to ensure that the venom is implanted. Arizona snake teeth are so aggressive that they can flip over while biting, opening a wound. Fortunately, these animals are quite harmless towards people, but only if they are not disturbed.

Black Widow

The black widow is one of the most famous spiders in the world and can deliver a bite that is considered one of the most painful in nature. Interestingly, the bites of small black widows are weak, since small spiders cannot deliver much venom. But if you're unlucky enough to get bitten by a large black widow, prepare for an ordeal. Intoxication from the bite of this spider can cause a condition called latrodectism, which is characterized by constant intense and painful muscle contractions that seem to last forever.

Stinging Rays

These animals are generally not dangerous to humans, but if threatened, they will not hesitate to deliver a painful blow with their barbed sting. In addition to the fact that the stingray's spine is filled with poison, it can also rupture the wound, and surgery will be required to remove it. Also, most often they sting a person’s sensitive sole when he is walking and accidentally steps on a stingray. You are unlikely to forget such pain.

Road wasp

These huge wasps are simply insatiable. As a rule, they prey on tarantula spiders, and since this is not such easy mining, they are equipped with a powerful venom that delivers one of the most powerful bites in the insect world. According to Schmidt sting index, a scale that rates the relative pain caused by insect stings, road wasps rank second in sting force.

Stone fish

Not every animal is capable of stinging enough to kill a person, but the stonefish is an exception to this. The stonefish is the most poisonous fish in the world, whose sting can be fatal to humans. The toxic toxin released by this fish can cause shock, paralysis, tissue death, and death can occur within 2-3 hours. This fish is one of those that it is better not to step on while walking along the shore.

Viper

There are many more fatal snake bites, but the one from the viper is considered the most painful. One victim compared the viper's bite to a blowtorch that burns inside your arm, with pain that can last for days. Of course, intoxication from a viper bite can kill, so it is best to avoid meeting these animals by any means.

Arizona tree scorpion

They are the most poisonous scorpions in North America. Its venom causes severe pain, which can lead to foaming at the mouth, difficulty breathing and muscle cramps. Also, a bite can lead to immobilization of limbs. Although its venom is rarely fatal, the pain from the bite can last up to 72 hours.

Box jellyfish

These jelly-like sea creatures are among the most feared animals in the ocean. You have a better chance of avoiding a shark attack than swimming unscathed through the tentacles of this jellyfish. Its venom is so toxic that this jellyfish is considered the most poisonous creature in the world. In addition, box jellyfish are practically invisible in the water, which makes them even more dangerous for swimmers.

Bullet Ant

According to Schmidt sting index, the bullet ant has the most painful sting in the insect world. Surprisingly, there are indigenous tribes in South America where young people are forced to endure bullet ant bites for 10 minutes 20 times in a row as an initiation ritual. Despite the pain, the bites are not fatal and do not cause harm, except perhaps mental trauma.