Poshekhonsky district. Maps of the Yaroslavl province Map of the Rybinsk district of the Yaroslavl province 1908

Poshekhonsky district was formed in 1777 and lay in the northwestern part of the Yaroslavl province. The district was the largest in area in the province (5,438 sq. versts). It included the territories of modern Poshekhonsky and Pervomaisky districts and the western protrusion of modern Lyubimsky district. In addition, this district included the territory that is now part of the Vologda region of the Mologo-Sheksninskaya lowland, flooded by the Rybinsk reservoir.

In ancient times, this region was much larger than the borders of the current Poshekhonsky district. It included significant areas that are now part of the counties bordering Poshekhonsky: Lyubimsky, Danilovsky, Romanovsky and Rybinsky. Next, the entire northern part of the Yaroslavl province and a small part of the Vologda province, i.e. the entire area lying along the rivers Ukhra, Ukhtoma and Sogozha, in the west - along the “Shekhon”. In earlier times, the Poshekhonskaya side was part of the appanage principality of Yaroslavl. Upon death, in 1344, Prince. Vasily Davidovich of Yaroslavl, his principality was divided into three appanages, one of which, which went to Gleb Vasilyevich, was called Shekhonsky. This principality existed until 1471, without using, like other small principalities of this region, since the time of John Kalita, any independence. Under John IV, Poshekhonye was already included in the list of his family estates. During the time of the Pretender and the Interregnum (1608–1613), Poshekhonye was repeatedly ravaged by the Poles.

During the first division of the Empire, under Peter I, the Poshekhon province without a city was formed from the lands lying along the Sheksna. On March 14, 1727, the Poshekhon province was abolished and assigned to the provincial city of Yaroslavl. In 1764, Poshekhonye was listed in the Yaroslavl province of the Moscow province.

A significant part of the district was irrigated by medium and small rivers - tributaries of the Sheksna and was covered with forests and swamps. Settlements were grouped along a few hills and drained terraces of river valleys. In terms of soil fertility, the district was considered one of the best in the province. The entire district lay in the Sheksna River basin (with the exception of the sources of Soti). The Sheksna, which flowed along the border of the county, was navigable along its entire length, but there were no piers within the territory of the county itself, and loading was carried out in different coastal places. The rivers Yug, Myaksa, Sharma, Muzga, Savnecha, Matkoma, Kongora, Sogozha and Ukhra flowed into the Sheksna - all now significantly shortened due to the flooding of the lower sections of their course by the Rybinsk Reservoir.

In addition to the Sheksna, the Sogozha River, which was the trade and communication axis of the county, was of particular commercial importance.

Part of the forests of the county was swamped - the Shelshedomsky and Stolypin forests were especially famous for swamps; the swamps lying in the northeastern part of the county near the village of Isakova on the border with the Vologda province, and in the east of the county near the village of Pykhani were also significant. In 1862, about 34% of the total area was under forests; the forests were indigenous, mostly coniferous.

According to information for 1866, 96,246 people lived in the county without a city, including 241 nobles, 29,761 state-owned peasants, and 59,284 who had emerged from serfdom. In the district, schismaticism was widespread (963) and Edinoverie - 1,318 people. In 1866, there were 87 churches (81 stone) in the district and the Adrian Monastery, 5 versts from the city on the Vetka River, founded in the first half of the 16th century, as well as the Iskaievskaya Hermitage for Men, 60 versts from the city. In addition to these monasteries in the district in earlier times, there existed the Preobrazhenskaya Sevastyanova hermitage on the Sakhoti River, founded in the 15th century by the Monk Sevastian, and the Tikhvinskaya men’s hermitage 20 versts from the city (abolished in 1764), as well as three more hermitages: Rozhdestvenskaya and Malevskaya , Yugskaya Dimitrievskaya. They also mention the Spaso-Lomovskaya Hermitage, founded in the 15th century by the Venerable. Ignatius, the church was converted after the abolition of the desert into a parish - the village of Spasskoe, on Lomu.

The district had two camps; those who emerged from serfdom are divided into 16 volosts, 349 societies. Residents of the county were housed in 1237 populated areas, of which there are 2 settlements, 45 villages, 31 graveyards, 158 selets, 994 villages, 7 villages. The most populated were Spas-Myaksa (947), Mormuzhino (407) and Sannikovo 409.

The main occupations of the inhabitants consisted mainly of arable farming and waste trades. Under the fields there was up to 32% of the total area, grain in good years enough for local consumption. Flax was sown in the district; in 1866, 24 thousand poods of flax fiber were harvested; flax was exported. Other industries agriculture(vegetable gardening, horticulture, cattle breeding and beekeeping) were poorly developed. Forestry consisted of cutting wood and rafting it; in addition, they were everywhere engaged in the manufacture of carts, sleighs, arches, and various wooden products necessary in peasant life. The main handicrafts of the county can be reduced to the following five groups: 1) wood processing; 2) metal processing; 3) clay; 4) fibrous substances and 5) processing of leather and fur. One of the first latrine trades here is considered to be tailoring.

To earn money they went either to St. Petersburg, or to Moscow, or to the navigable rivers of their province (Sheksna, Volga, Mologa). The district was the only one in the entire province that was not distinguished by either industry or trade. The factory industry was limited to some distilleries, while others were essentially craft establishments. In 1866, there were 207 establishments of this kind (tanneries and glue factories, oil presses, cheese factories, sawmills, tar, brick, and dyeing factories).

Fairs in the district were held in the villages of Pyatnitsky, Shchetinsky, Semenovsky, Spas-Myakse, Beloye, Mikhalevo, in Roguly, Uspenskoam, in the South, Ermakovo, Voskresensky, in Garbage and Kladova.

Being the northernmost in the province, rich in forests and sparsely populated, the district was very attractive to schismatics. Even to Metropolitan Dimitry of Rostov, the priest of the village of Pyatnitsky, Beloselskaya volost, Poshekhonsky district, reported that in his parish “all kinds of people were burned 1920, except for the surrounding villages and hamlets, in which countless numbers of those deceived by the schism teachers voluntarily became victims of fire.” Prince I.I. Golitsyn specially came to his estate, the village of Kosmodemyanskoye, to dissuade his peasants from self-immolation. In the middle of the 19th century there were many schismatics of all kinds, from co-religionists to wanderers.

The old Poshekhonsky district was formed in 1541 on lands that previously constituted Belozersky district(existed since 1486), without a county town. Since 1719, as part of the Poshekhonsky province of the St. Petersburg province, and since 1727 - as part of the Yaroslavl province of the vast Moscow province. In 1777, during the administrative reform of Catherine the Second, it was included in the new Nizhny Novgorod governorship, under Paul the First in 1796 it was reorganized into the province of the same name. The northernmost and one of the two largest districts of the province (the second is Mologsky) After the establishment of the Yaroslavl governorship and throughout the subsequent pre-revolutionary period of the history of the Yaroslavl province, there were no significant changes in its borders. The district center was the city of Poshekhonye, ​​which arose on the site of the Finno-Ugric village of Pertoma in the 16th century.

Not all known maps are presented on this page.

Map of part of the Ryazan province with Poshekhonsky district in 1821. These district boundaries remained until the revolution.

Poshekhonsky district during the time of Paul the First (in 1800), the borders did not change compared to 1792

Poshekhonsky district during the time of Catherine II (in 1792)

Bordering counties of the Yaroslavl province:

On this page you can download almost all maps of the Yaroslavl province of the 18th-20th centuries. Part of the map is tied to Ozi Explorer. Plans available for download general survey, Volga navigation, Economic notes and other statistical information.

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Historical information on the province

The territory of the Yaroslavl province bordered: in the northeast - with the districts of Vologda and Gryazovets - Vologda province, in the east - with Buisky, Kostroma and Nerekhtsky - Kostroma province, in the south and southeast - with Shuisky, Suzdal, Yuryevsky and Pereyaslavsky - Vladimir, in the west - with Kalyazinsky, Kashinsky and Vesyegonsky - Tver, in the north-west - with Cherepovets district - Novgorod province. The administrative border was determined for the most part by conventional lines, but in many places it coincided with tracts. View of the province's territory geographical map resembles an almost regular trapezoid, with two large sides facing southeast and southwest, and two smaller sides facing northeast and northwest.

The greatest extent of the province was in the direction from north to south between the northern end of the Poshekhonsky district and the southern Rostov district, approximately 254 versts, the greatest width from east to west between the eastern end of the Lyubimsky district and the western Mologsky district - 217 versts. The area of ​​the Yaroslavl province was 31293.5 square meters. versts, or 646.76 sq. m. In terms of the size of its province, it is one of the smallest; it ranked 45th among 50 provinces European Russia. Administratively, the Yaroslavl province is divided into 10 districts: Danilovsky, Lyubimsky, Mologsky, Myshkinsky, Poshekhonsky, Romanovo-Borisoglebsky, Rostovsky, Rybinsky, Uglichsky and Yaroslavsky. 11 cities (one out-of-state one - Petrovsk). The province acquired its composition at the beginning of the 20th century in 1822, when the former 11th district of Borisoglebsky was merged with Romanovsky and both cities were united into one district - Romanov-Borisoglebsk. The most significant districts in terms of area are Poshekhonsky (5234.3 sq. versts) and Mologsky (4437.6), the smallest is Danilovsky (1885.4); the rest fluctuate spatially between 3745.3 (Rostovsky) and 2164.3 (Myshkinsky).

The surface of the province is flat, modified not so much by elevations as by lowlands and basins, which sometimes on the outskirts take on the appearance of mountains. The general main slope of the area of ​​the Yaroslavl province, determined by the flow of the Volga, Mologa and Sheksna, goes in the direction from the northwest in the southeast, while in particular the ridges of hills rush to the southwest. half - mainly from south to north, and in the north-east. - from north to south. Horus, in the real sense of the word, is not; there are only hills, more or less flat, falling steeply only to the river beds. The highest point of the province in the southwest. part of the Yaroslavl district, near the Blagoveshchensky churchyard, which is on the Hill (800 ft. above the Volga level). Very noticeable and continuous branches of heights diverge from Annunciation Hill in three directions: to the N - to Romanov-Borisoglebsk, to E - to the village. Pyatnitskaya Gora and from here, parallel to the Moscow highway, on ss. Karabikha and Kresto-Bogorodskoe; finally to Z - on p. Nikulskoe; then, leaning towards Yu, on p. Davydovo, goes in a western direction parallel to the flow of the river. Mouths. Another similar ridge of hills runs on the right side of the river. Estuaries, forming with their branches slopes for river rivers. Sarah and Gda. The most significant elevations of these branches are seen on the Moskovskoye Highway, near ss. Lyubilok and Poklonov. In the north-east, or Trans-Volga part of the province, the most elevated area under the mountains. Danilov, from where ridges pass, lowering and then disappearing, to the west in Romanovo-Borisoglebsky district, and to the south near the border of Yaroslavl district. In Poshekhonsky district, more noticeable heights are found in the north. half, obviously having a connection with the ridges located in the Vologda province. The space between Mologa and Sheksna is a lowland filled with lakes and swamps, significantly covered with forests. This area is subject to such severe floods in the spring that the waters of the Mologa and Sheksna merge with each other. In general, app. part of the province is a hollow.

Population

According to the 1897 census, there are 1,071,355 inhabitants in the Yaroslav province. (460,597 men and 610,758 women). There are 146,310 urban residents (75,507 men and 70,803 women), rural residents - 925,045 (385,490 men and 539,955 women). The total population density in the province is 34.3 people. per 1 sq. mile; in individual districts it fluctuates greatly: for example, in Yaroslavl district per 1 sq. a mile takes 69.6 hours, in Poshekhonsky - only 21.2; The population density in other counties is between 40.2 (Myshkinsky) and 23.9 (Lyubimsky). In the northwestern part of the province, population density is below average, in the rest of the province it is higher. Populated areas 9784; On average, there is 1 village for every 3 square meters. versts. Small villages (1-5 households) make up 24% (in the Romanovo-Borisoglebsky district there are over 40%); villages with 6 to 10 households, almost 28%; There are 21 large settlements (over 100 houses) in the entire province (0.5%). The least populated villages, with up to 10 people, account for 2.6%. The most populous villages, numbering more than a thousand inhabitants, are only 9: in Yaroslavl district 3, in Romanovo-Borisoglebsky - 1, in Rostov - 4, in Uglich - 1. The population is Great Russian; only in Mologsky district along the river. The Sitskari city comes from the Karelians (see Karelians), who came here in the 17th century; they retained the type and some properties of the Finnish tribe. In addition, representatives of other nationalities live in cities; there are no more than 6000 people. (0.6%). Orthodox and co-religionists - 1,056,762 people, Old Believers and those deviating from Orthodoxy - 9,638, Roman Catholics. - 1669, Protestants - 1356, other Christians - 7, Jews - 1719; other non-Christians - 204. Hereditary nobles - 4269 people, personal nobles - 7011, clergy - 14795, hereditary and personal citizens - 5226, merchants - 5052, burghers - 77000, peasants - 943312, Cossacks - 67, foreigner - 1, Finnish natives, without distinction of classes - 20, persons not belonging to the named classes - 2735, foreign nationals - 287, persons who did not indicate their membership in any class in the census - 563. Women greatly predominate among the rural population, where 539,955 women . there are 385,090 people, while in the urban population there are 75,507 people. and 70803 women. In 1901, 46,964 people were born, 43,467 died, 8,912 were married. The percentage of illegitimate births fluctuates between 3 and 4. The percentage of both births and deaths of males and females is almost the same. More than 40% of mortality occurs in children under 1 year of age; from 1 year to 5 years - up to 13% and from 6 to 10 years - about 3%. High mortality is observed among the urban population.

In 1898, the number of buildings was: stone - 5734, wooden - 307959; in the cities of the former there are 4102, of the latter 11571. Residential buildings made of stone - 2330, wooden - 182518. There were 15897 fire incidents in 25 years, from 1870 to 1894, 58197 buildings burned down, the amount of loss was 27,828,333 rubles.

Administrative division

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Story

In 1486, Belozersky district was formed, and in 1541, during the period of strengthening of the Russian state, a new separate administrative unit was separated from the district - Poshekhonsky district. The village of Beloye was designated as its center. In 1540, the monk Adrian, who was later canonized, came to the “boundaries of Poshekhonsky”, and in 1543 he began to build a monastery, which played a significant role in the history of the district and the city.

In 1680, the administrative center of the county and its city government were transferred from the village of Bely to the monastic village of Pertom.

Since 1727, the district has been assigned to Yaroslavl and, as part of the Yaroslavl province, to the Moscow province.

Administrative structure

In 1862, there were 16 volosts in Poshekhonsky district:

• Davydovskaya volost
• Ermakovskaya volost
• Zaymishevskaya volost
• Katrinskaya parish
• Kolobovskaya volost
• Melenkovskaya volost
• Nikolo-Ramenskaya volost
• Panfilovskaya volost
• Pievskaya volost (Sychevskaya volost)
• Poshekhonskaya volost
• Sokolovskaya volost
• Sofronovskaya volost
• Trushkovo parish
• Khmelevskaya volost
• Kholmovskaya volost
• Shchetinskaya parish

Description

According to the Central Statistical Committee (1887), the total land in the district is 528,421 dessiatines, including privately owned 239,661, peasant allotments - 220,549, state-owned - 62,246, monastic and church - 5,028, urban - 937 dessiatines. Of the lands of private owners, they belong to nobles - 107,382 dessiatines, merchants - 22,857, burghers - 7,734, peasants - 100,720 dessiatines, the rest of the land belongs to persons of other classes.

The surface of the county is flat, rising slightly to the north, where spurs of the Vologda steep mountains penetrate the boundaries of the county. The predominant soil is clay-sandy, in the northern part it is stony-clayey, in the southern volosts it is loamy, and in the Sheksninsky area it is peat. All rivers belong to the Sheksna basin, which flows mostly along the border of the county and only in some places belongs to it on both banks; There are no piers on Sheksna, within the district. Tributaries of the Sheksna: Yug, Myaksa, Sharma, Muzga, Savnecha, Matkoma, Kongora, Ukhra, Sogozha. The latter irrigates most of the county. It originates in the Vologda province; out of 125 versts of its entire length, 70 are in Poshekhonsky district. Timber is floated along Sogozha to Rybinsk, oats, flax and other goods are shipped, but it is only navigable for a little over 2 months. In 1895, firewood and timber were floated down the river building materials 2448000 poods. In the spring, rafting is also carried out along the Matkoma, Kongora, Yug, Ukhra and Soga rivers (a tributary of Sogozhi). There are two lakes in the county, insignificant. There are many swamps; the largest lie near the border of the Romanovsky district and on the border of the Vologda province.

The climate is humid and harsh. In the north, large forests along steep mountains serve as protection from cold winds. There are many forests, but in recent years there has been a massive destruction of them.

According to the center. stat. com. of all forests there are 231,238 acres, of which privately owned - 136,532, peasant plots - 41,742, state-owned - 50,736, monastic - 251, church - 1,478, urban - 499. The main species are pine, spruce, birch, aspen, alder. 348 rural societies. Villages - 72, monasteries - 3, settlements - 1262, peasant households - 20014.

In 1897, the population (not counting the town of Poshekhonya) was 110,333 (48,920 men and 61,413 women). The main occupation is agriculture. They mainly sow winter rye, oats, barley, flax, and potatoes. There are 106,871 dessiatines of arable land, 123,604 dessiatines of hay and pasture land. In 1897, the sown area under winter on peasant allotment lands was 29,699 dessiatines, on owner-occupied lands - 4,066 dessiatines. Crop rotation is exclusively three-field; sowing of forage grasses in small quantities is carried out by peasants on purchased lands and only in isolated cases on allotments. Horses - 22872, cattle - 45111 heads, sheep - 24352, pigs - 537. The number of horseless and cowless farms in various volosts of the county ranges from 1 to 12%. Agriculture generally provides little for local peasants; the missing means of subsistence are obtained through crafts and trades. Industrial plants - 814, with production worth 261,372 rubles, with 1,148 workers. Dairies - 182, windmills- 149, water - 64; oil mills - 58, brick factories- 17, leaf workshops - 16, tanneries. - 14, glued - 9; steam mill, cheese factory, etc. Artel cheese making, which developed from the early 1870s, first assumed large proportions, but then, due to the fall in cheese prices, fell into decline. Peasant artel workers switched to the production of butter, mainly Holstein. According to the calculations of the zemstvo government, the district supplied the market with oil worth more than 650,000 rubles per year. Forestry, in addition to the delivery of firewood for local consumers, was in the hands of out-of-town merchants, who bought timber for felling and floated it down the rivers. There are 1,126 householders engaged in household activities. The most developed trades are furriery, felting, cooperage, pottery, leather, dyeing, cart making, shoemaking, carpentry, carpentry, production of bast and bark, production of wood shovels, harrows, etc. Waste trades are poorly developed; in this regard, Poshekhonsky district ranks last in the Yaroslavl province. Those who leave make up 10% of the population (in the entire province - 14.6%). In 1896, 12,812 species were released for release. They go mainly to St. Petersburg, Moscow, neighboring provinces and lower cities. The largest number of people going abroad: tailors - 3,746 people, employees in taverns and drinking establishments - 812, carpenters - 450, shoemakers - 180, mechanics, blacksmiths and coppersmiths - 151.

Zemsky primary schools 45, students 2580 (girls 665); there are overnight shelters at 7 schools, 28 parochial schools (one church-school), 1092 students (296 girls); 31 literacy schools, 606 students (142 girls). 1 ministerial school with vocational classes. Trade school in the village of Vladychnoye. Post offices in 6 villages, including one post office and telegraph office.

Zemstvo revenues in 1896 received 93,165 rubles. Estimate for 1897 - 105,265 rubles. Mandatory expenses are calculated at 31,223 rubles, optional - 74,042 rubles, including 6,308 rubles for the maintenance of the government, 28,310 rubles for the medical unit, 19,388 rubles for public education. The zemstvo contains 3 medical stations, 9 emergency rooms, 7 midwives, a veterinarian and a veterinary paramedic. Parish expenses in 1894 43,002 rubles; expenses of rural societies - 41,359 rubles. Wed.