A credit card with a grace period is already a familiar attribute of a modern person. But not every citizen thinks about how profitable their credit card and isn’t it better? But this is an important nuance that allows you not only to save, but also to earn money on your daily expenses. Great competition among banks for potential clients forces them to come up with new card products that would be interesting not only to the bank, but also beneficial for clients. And in this situation, people have a question: “ Which bank is profitable to open a credit card at?” and “Which is the most profitable in 2019?”

In this review, we will look at the most profitable credit cards of this calendar year.

What should be a profitable credit card?

Let’s decide what a profitable credit card should be. What advantages and conditions should it have?

1. Annual card maintenance– this is the main parameter when choosing a profitable credit card. “By default,” everyone would like to have a card without annual maintenance, but it happens that a card with paid annual maintenance can still be profitable and interesting, provided that the card has certain tariffs that can easily recoup the cost of maintenance.
2. Cashback accrual. It's hard to imagine now bank cards for which the bank would not establish a cashback function, but the size of the cashback and the conditions for receiving it differ in each bank.
3. Grace period. For credit cards, an important role is played by the grace period, which can be “fair” or “unfair”, whether it applies to cash withdrawals or not, as well as an important parameter – the duration of the grace period. The longer the grace period, the more profitable the card.
4. Cash withdrawal fee. A profitable card is mainly sought by those who plan to withdraw cash, because such a parameter as the commission for cash withdrawal plays a very important role and is quite expensive when using a credit card to withdraw cash.
5. Commission for additional services. Additional services include SMS notifications, topping up a card from another bank, transfers to other banks, including from card to card, and so on. In some banks, these services are absolutely free, while in others they may charge a fee for this.

The most profitable credit cards of 2019

Below is a list of ratings of the TOP 8 bank credit cards, which are the most profitable credit cards in 2019. The selection of credit cards was carried out on the basis of current tariffs, personal experience and reviews on the Internet. This selection will help you choose the most advantageous offer for yourself and get an answer to the question: “What is the most profitable credit card with a grace period?”

Tinkoff Platinum - the most profitable credit card from the best online bank

The Tinkoff Bank credit card is one of the most popular credit cards in Russia. The card is issued by the best online bank in the world (according to numerous ratings). The flagship product is popular because it can be ordered via the Internet and without certificates from your place of work. Unlike other cards, you will receive a Tinkoff Bank card in 2-3 days by courier to your home.

But besides the convenience of issuing a card, the card has several undoubted advantages that make it the most profitable credit card for all categories of users: students, working citizens and pensioners.

What are the benefits of the Tinkoff card

1. Bonus program "Bravo", which allows you to receive bonuses for your purchases up to 30% special offers, which can be seen on the Internet and mobile banking. These are, for example, large online stores, well-known chains of cafes and restaurants, popular services for ordering air and train tickets, and much more. For any other purchases, cashback will be 1%.
2. If you have a credit card debt in another bank, and you decide to get a card from Tinkoff, then you can transfer your debt from another bank to Tinkoff. The service is called "Balance transfer". When transferring debt from another bank, you will receive a grace period of 120 days for this transferred debt. That is, no interest will accrue for 4 months. This is a unique service that is available only at Tinkoff Bank.

Credit card "Platinum" from Russian Standard for cash withdrawal without commission

Since last year, Russian Standard Bank has become more active in the credit card market. One of the main cards in this bank is the Platinum credit card. The card is very different from all other and previous cards of this bank.

Main benefits of a credit card

• No commission for withdrawing credit cash from the card.
• The cost of annual maintenance is 590 rubles.
• Low rate from 21.9%
• Cashback 15% with bank partners and 5% in selected categories. Standard 1% on all other purchases.

"Alfa-Bank - 100 days without interest" - the best credit card for cash withdrawals and purchases without interest

A credit card from the largest private bank in Russia stands out from others in that it has a grace period of 100 days. Alfa-Bank became one of the first banks to begin issuing cards with a grace period beyond the traditional 55-60 days. Today, the card is considered the best in terms of such parameters as the duration of the grace period and conditions for cash withdrawal.

This card will be of interest to those who are accustomed to using a grace period for medium and large purchases, as well as for those who often withdraw cash from a credit card (the grace period for the Alfa-Bank card also applies to cash withdrawals). That is why the Alfa Bank card can be considered one of the most profitable credit cards for withdrawing cash from ATMs.

Installment credit cards “Conscience” and “Halva” for profitable purchases

Have you ever made purchases in installments? For example, for a promotion in M.Video or Eldorado. When applying for such installment plans, which are issued through a bank, very often credit specialists “pump up” supposedly obligatory life insurance. That is, it is almost impossible to arrange a “naked” installment plan. There will still be an overpayment.

And in 2016, credit cards appeared that allow you to buy goods and pay for services from card partners in installments of up to 12 months. For example, to buy a refrigerator from a hardware store in installments, you do not need a loan specialist. You simply choose a product, go to the checkout and pay there with your installment card. And then pay in installments to the card. Without any imposed insurance or anything like that. The savings here are significant, since if you had processed the goods in a standard way, you would have paid a tidy sum for the imposed bank insurance. In Russia now only 2 banks issue such profitable installment credit cards.

Card "Conscience" from Qiwi Bank allows you to purchase more than 40,000 thousand goods and services from Qiwi Bank partners in installments of up to 12 months. A card with a credit limit from 5 to 300 thousand rubles without annual maintenance and issue fees. To apply, you only need to submit an online application, and after approval, the card will be delivered to your home. Perhaps this best choice for shopping lovers, especially among girls.

Similar "Halva" card from Sovcombank. “Halva”, as well as the card from Qiwi Bank, is absolutely free. In addition, to receive a card, you just need to fill out an online form and, after approval, receive the card at any Sovcombank branch or by courier. The card is not personalized and is issued immediately. For registration you only need a passport. You can use both debit and credit. The card provides cashback up to 20 percent! Everyone, including pensioners, will be able to experience the benefits and benefits of the card. Details in map overview.

CASHBACK credit card with the best conditions from Vostochny Bank

Among the most profitable credit cards of 2019 with the best cashback conditions is a credit card from Vostochny Bank, which is simply called “CashBack”. It allows you to receive a 5% refund on purchases in categories that the bank sets every three months. Currently there are Pharmacy categories; Clothing and Footwear; Products for children. For all other purchases, the traditional 1% cashback.

The card is serviced free of charge for the entire period. But you will have to pay 1000 rubles for the release. But this fee will pay for itself in the first month of using the card. The credit limit on the card is from 55 to 400 thousand rubles, the grace period is up to 56 days, and for storing your own funds on the card there is 4% per annum.

Vostochny Bank also has a credit card, where instead of interest on a loan a daily fee is charged - a “Simple” card and a credit card called “Seasonal” with instant issuance, a grace period of up to 56 days and a low rate of 11.5% per annum in the first 3 months.

To apply for one of these cards, just leave an application using the link below and wait for a call from a bank specialist who will announce the decision and help you choose the best and most profitable credit card for you, depending on your needs.

Credit card with a favorable grace period of 120 days from UBRIR Bank

At the Ural Bank for Reconstruction and Development you can order a credit card with a long grace period, which is 120 days for all purchases. Such a long grace period automatically makes the card very profitable for making both large and small purchases wherever cards are accepted. But in addition to 120 days without interest, the bank gives another 1% cashback for any purchase.

It’s worth getting a UBRIR card because:

• Credit limit from 30 to 300 thousand. To get the maximum limit, you can provide 2-personal income tax if desired. In general, all you need is a passport.
• The grace period applies to all card transactions. Even if you withdraw cash from an ATM, there will be a four-month grace period!
• Card service - zero rubles. The same thing with the production of plastic - you don’t have to pay for it either!
• Age for registration from 19 to 75 years. That is, both young people and pensioners can apply for the card.

To apply for a card, you must receive a ready-made card at the nearest bank branch or delivery to a convenient address.

Card Credit Plus - the best credit card with instant cashback

Credit Europe Bank has a credit card that stands out significantly for its favorable conditions - the Card Credit Plus card. This card product has the following advantages:

• Instant card issue when ordering online.
• Credit limit up to 600 thousand rubles. For a limit of up to 350 thousand, you only need a passport!
• Grace period up to 55 days. Installment plans with bank partners range from 2 to 11 months.
• Free cash withdrawal abroad.
• Free service for purchases over 15 thousand rubles, otherwise 79 rubles.
• Well, the most interesting thing is 5% cashback in 4 categories of purchases(Clothes and shoes; Beauty and health; Entertainment; Cafes and Restaurants). All other purchases earn 1 percent cashback. Cashback is credited in the form of points, which can be used to pay for any purchase in any store in the world (the purchase is debited from the bonus account, not in money).
• Moreover, unlike other similar credit cards, cashback on this card is credited instantly!
• Almost every month the bank launches new promotions on this card, which allow you to receive additional cashback up to 15-20%. For example, 7 days before a birthday and 7 days after it, an increased 10% cashback is provided for cafes, restaurants and entertainment.

Svyaz-Bank credit card without interest on purchases, cashback and discounts

The next bank in our rating, where you can get one of the most profitable credit cards with cashback and a grace period, is Svyaz-Bank. The banking organization issues a credit card with a 7 percent cashback and the ability to choose 1 category of increased refund.

Retailer categories of your choice for purchases with cashback

• Construction stores.
• Catering establishments.
• Entertainment and leisure.
• Beauty salons.
• Gas stations and car service companies.

Thanks to the large cashback, interest-free grace period of 55 days, discounts from VISA partners, this Svyaz-Bank product can be called not just profitable, but also the best card in terms of cashback accrual..

Application for a Svyaz-Bank credit card

Everyone will decide for themselves where to open a profitable credit card, but I hope this review will help you make the best choice. If you already use one of the cards, then leave your review about it under this post.

Westfield

A vibrant and lush environment with many forests and villages located throughout the map. A large damaged aqueduct crosses the eastern part of the valley. Numerous mountain ridges provide excellent ambush locations, but wide fields make moving between positions dangerous.

Border of the Empire

The first Asian map in the game after update 1.0. Her distinctive feature is Great Chinese wall, dividing the location into two parts. Different areas of the map are suitable for different classes and playing styles.

Karelia

Swamps, cliffs and rocky cliffs divide the map into three main operational areas. The absence of buildings and a small number of rock shelters favor artillery operations. For success, it is necessary to concentrate the attacking forces in one of the directions while using diversionary actions or strictly containing the enemy in other sectors.

Laceville

An isolated mountain valley on one flank and city blocks on the other allow you to get within striking distance of the enemy. An open lake in the center of the field allows you to provide fire support to your allies at a fairly large distance.

Siegfried Line

A successful combination of open spaces and city blocks is a feature of this map. Winding streets allow you to penetrate behind enemy lines, and numerous bunkers can be used as cover.

Robin

The starting positions of the teams are separated by a flat, well-crossed field. This map in World of Tank is convenient for defending and destroying the enemy with artillery forces. Deep detours using shelters - copses, folds of terrain and village houses can decide the outcome of the battle. A well-coordinated attack across the field at high speed, with artillery support, can also be successful, but is quite risky.

Minsk

It is a mixed type card. Two zones with dense urban development are separated by an open section of the Svisloch River embankment. The main clash occurs on opposite sides of the avenue. Attempts to quickly break through the defenses in this place are extremely risky. Only by achieving success on the flank can you count on victory.

Monastery

In the center of the map there is a large monastery and a city. Three roads allow travel from north to south. The monastery courtyard is an advantageous firing position. The long hill to the west and the winding ravine to the east provide excellent protection from artillery fire.

Nebelburg

A picturesque area with a mixed landscape, divided into 3 main zones: an ancient castle in the center of the map, a small town and a hill with watchtowers in the northern part, and rolling plains in the southern part.

Overlord

A map depicting the atmosphere of the landing of Allied forces in the coastal part of Normandy on June 6, 1944. It is interesting not only for its historical component, but also for its design. This is a whole exhibition hall of German fortification samples from all over the Atlantic Wall.

Oryol ledge

Atmospheric map from Belgorod 1943. The card is intended for General battle. There are several zones: a factory in the center of the map, dense forests in both teams, a church above the plain, a small bridge and a destroyed plane.

Paris

We can safely say that “Paris” is not only a city of fashion and beauty, love and romance, but also an excellent gaming location for virtual tank battles. The features of the map open up opportunities for varied and dynamic combat operations. Three playing zones provide freedom of action for all classes of vehicles. There is a place for everyone, the main thing is to decide on your own desires.

Pass

This map is characterized by mountainous terrain, which is characterized by rugged terrain. Numerous cliffs and stones protect from enemy fire, various hills are excellent places for ambushes, and winding roads allow you to strike at the enemy base.

Provinces

The hills along the edges of this map are filled with numerous houses. Winding streets will allow you to deliver unexpected blows. The wasteland lying between the hills is the shortest path to the enemy base.

Prokhorovka

Open hilly terrain divided by a railway embankment. Groups of trees provide excellent cover for anti-tank self-propelled guns. When attacking, watch the flanks. While defending, attack the enemy's flanks. Artillery has freedom of action, but is extremely vulnerable to raids by high-speed light forces.

Redshire

The game location is a rural area in Britain. There is a small town in the center of the map. Fields that gradually turn into hills are an excellent place for decisive attacks. The river in the middle of the map does not interfere with the movement of vehicles and serves as a good reference point.

Mines

The high hill in the center of the map is a key point on the map. Despite the difficulties in occupying it, it dramatically improves the position of the winning team. The village northeast of the hill and the island west of it, despite a number of advantages, remain vulnerable to fire from the center.

Ruinberg

The concentric system of city streets, dense trees and bushes in the park allow for hidden maneuvers and the rapid transfer of reserves. Artillery operations in the urban area are very difficult, but high degree destruction in the city allows you to provide effective support to your allies.

Fisherman's Cove

This map is a good combination of open space and rugged terrain. The narrow, winding streets of the port city located on the flank will help you gain an unexpected advantage. Gentle hills with numerous bushes will allow extensive use of ambush tactics.

Steppes

Open flat terrain. The only shelters are large stones, folds of terrain and railway on the embankment to the north. Both bases are connected by a road, hidden in the lowlands from what is happening on the flanks.

Studzianki

For a whole week, the village of Studzianki was the site of fierce battles between Red Army units (including the 1st Tank Brigade of the Polish Army) and the German invaders. In memory of these events, which ended in great success for the Allied forces, in 1969 the village was renamed Studzianki Pancerne (Studzianki Tank).

Quiet coast

The land area is limited at the edges by mountain ranges and water, occupying a third of the map. A railway runs through the entire territory from north to south. The hilly terrain with dense vegetation on the western flank would be an ideal place for a quick attack. The direct road between the bases passes through a small town where protracted battles can be fought. The bases are protected by hills from direct invasion, but are vulnerable from the flanks.

Tundra

The mountain in the east provides a serious combat advantage, while control of the central part of the map provides a tactical advantage. The swamp to the west can be used for reconnaissance and attack from the rear.

Widepark

The map represents a Western European city. It is no coincidence that the working title of the map was “Munich”. Factory districts, destroyed houses, freight trains are the features of this location. An embankment with a railway, dividing the map in half, allows you to concentrate forces for an attack.

Cliff

The team bases are separated by rocks and cliffs. The presence of many shelters allows you to concentrate forces in the right direction. The center of the map has some advantage, but neglecting the flanks is fraught with defeat.

Fjords

Huge mountains and narrow valleys allow for a variety of tactical decisions. You can conduct a fire duel across the bay or a pistol-range fight in a coastal city, or you can choose a deep detour with the capture of an enemy base.

Highway

The varied terrain of this map gives it a unique charm and makes it possible to use different tactics. Open spaces are good for wide flank attacks, and urban areas involve intense close combat. The pre-release name of the map is “Kansas”

Himmelsdorf

A labyrinth of streets and squares, extremely inconvenient for artillery and anti-tank self-propelled guns, but ideal for quick breakthroughs and outflanking of light and medium tanks. Bypass routes - through the hill with the castle dominating the area and along the railway station tracks - will help you get out of the resulting positional deadlock.

Ensk

The labyrinth of city blocks and the flat field of the suburbs are separated by narrow passages between the station tracks. When concentrating forces, take into account the strengths and weaknesses combat vehicles in every direction: artillery can disrupt a breakthrough across an open field, but is almost helpless against an enemy hiding behind the walls of buildings.

Winter cards

Klondike

The location is North America. The mine in the north of the map consists of many corridors, buildings and narrow passages. The island to the south is a vast open area dotted with lonely buildings and the ramshackle wooden shacks of diggers and miners. In the central part of the map, a bridge connects the muddy banks of the river. The map has been upgraded to improved quality and returned to the game in update 1.0.2

Mannerheim Line

Snowy and rocky terrain with many different obstacles and shelters. Winding roads leading around mountain ranges and along river banks allow you to unexpectedly find yourself in the rear of an advancing enemy, and also create many convenient places for ambushes. The former name is “Polar Region”.

Kharkov

The urban area in the center of the map is the most important strategic area. Two more areas are highlighted on the map: the city square, where you can conduct long-distance battles, and the area outside the city limits, where maneuverable vehicles can best perform.

Calm

A map in the middle of the snow-capped mountains of Scandinavia in the atmosphere of endless winter. The central part of the map, pierced by fierce winds, provides scope for bold reconnaissance maneuvers. A ship graveyard in a frozen bay is suitable for positional warfare. Roads along the mountains will serve as breakthroughs to the enemy base, and fishing villages will become the site of deadly ambushes to repel attacks.

Erlenberg

Divided in half by a river, the map has three possible lines of attack. The central bridge is located among the ruins of a small city. The area near the north and south bridges has a small amount of cover. You can use the castle and the line of hills on the opposite side of the map as firing positions.

Desert maps

Aerodrome

The map represents a British military airfield and its surrounding area. The location is North Africa. The team bases are located in two small port villages. In the center between them there is a rocky hill, which allows you to control the surrounding spaces and access to the bases. The location is replete with convenient places for ambushes and numerous routes for breakthroughs and maneuvers. At the top of the map is the airfield itself, with two large aircraft hangars and a runway. The developers paid great attention surroundings: in this game location you can find various equipment (airplanes, fuel tankers, ambulances), a radar station, a canteen and shower for staff, a mosque with a minaret, ancient ruins, fishing boats and more.

Sandy River

At first glance, this map seems very open, but it's not. Despite the fact that clay houses in villages are easily destroyed, they can be successfully used as protection. The flanks are well covered by rock formations and high dunes, which allows attacks from unexpected directions.

Lost City

A symmetrical mixed map with a carefully balanced balance, created with the participation of leading players. A restrained color palette and soft daylighting are designed to provide maximum comfort when playing. One of the maps where battles took place within game mode"Superiority".

El Halluf

In the center of the map is a spacious valley filled with rocks and small vegetation. The high mountains on both sides of the valley provide numerous firing positions. Regardless of the route, the attackers will face a difficult climb to the enemy camp.

Special cards

Inferno

This is what Kharkov looks like in a world of destroyed technology, under the control of Leviathan. The card was created to carry out game event for Halloween (October-November 2017).

Retired cards

Windstorm

The map highlights two main directions along the flanks and the direction of support - through the center. Heated battles for dominance in the city will take place on two bridges connecting a small factory with the central square. The team that manages to break through the crossing will have more opportunities to bypass the enemy and perform tactical maneuvers. You can go behind enemy lines and provide support to your allies by destroying enemy artillery through the northwest direction at the foot of the mountain. Plenty of shelters and small elevation changes throughout the route will allow you to fully realize the potential of fast, maneuverable vehicles. The central diagonal is the shortest route to the enemy base, it provides the opportunity to quickly transfer forces and support allies on the flanks.

Winterberg

The map is completely identical to the well-known “Ruinberg”, differing from it only in the time of year. The circular square in the western part of the city serves as the site of protracted positional battles. Concentric city streets are suitable for gradually breaking through enemy defenses with heavily armored vehicles, and a long radial street will allow you to conduct dagger fire at the enemy. The eastern area of ​​the map is quite open and quite suitable for medium tanks to maneuver, but only if they control small settlement in the middle of this zone.

Pearl River

The rugged landscape opens up enormous opportunities for the use of various combat tactics - ambushes, surprise detours, clashes in small areas. Movement along the riverbed allows you to quickly reach the enemy base and engage in battle. Remember that on this map you cannot forget about your rear.

Winter Himmelsdorf

The map is a complete copy of the original Himmelsdorf, except that it is a winter type map. A labyrinth of streets and squares, extremely inconvenient for artillery and anti-tank self-propelled guns, but ideal for quick breakthroughs and outflanking of light and medium tanks. Bypass routes - through the hill with the castle dominating the area and along the railway station tracks - will help you get out of the resulting positional deadlock.

Komarin

The game location consists of two areas of low-lying wetland. They are separated by a river, which can be crossed by three bridges. In the center of the map there is a small hill with abundant vegetation and several buildings. Players call it "the island", although technically it is a peninsula adjacent to the northern shore. Bases are located in the west and east, but teams begin the battle in the north and south.

Mittengard

Starting positions on rocky slopes do not provide any cover, so the best tactic is to successfully occupy the city streets. There is artillery on both sides of the city cathedral - a breakthrough into this area will be a significant contribution to victory.

Fire Arc

The card "Fire Arc" is a copy of the card " Prokhorovka“, however, in this location the lighting, landscape, sound and visual accompaniment during the battle have been changed in order to convey greater atmosphere during the battle. “Arc of Fire” is a reference to the events of the Great Patriotic War on the Kursk salient, when in July 1943 the largest tank battle in human history took place between Germany and the USSR. Open hilly terrain divided by a railway embankment. Groups of trees provide excellent cover for anti-tank self-propelled guns. When attacking, watch the flanks. While defending, attack the enemy's flanks. Artillery has freedom of action, but is extremely vulnerable to raids by high-speed light forces.

Ruinberg on fire

The map is a complete copy of the Ruinberg map with changed lighting and design. The concentric system of city streets, dense trees and bushes in the park allow for hidden maneuvers and the rapid transfer of reserves. Artillery operations in the urban area are greatly hampered, but the high degree of destruction in the city allows us to provide effective support to our allies.

Sacred Valley

Most of the area is occupied by a ravine lost in the mountains. The presence of numerous villages, high cliffs, trees and bushes allows you to choose the optimal battle tactics.

Northwest

Visually, the landscape and nature of the map resemble the North American region with characteristic vegetation and mountain ranges in an early autumn atmosphere. The map is replete with buildings, hills, and rocky shelters. The buildings are mostly indestructible, there are quite good positions for heavy equipment and places for exposure. At the same time, there are good positions for self-propelled guns, as well as paths and loopholes for medium and light tanks. The map is sufficiently balanced for all types of equipment and does not have a pronounced imbalance, because has diagonal symmetry.

Severogorsk

The map was added in update 0.8.7, the working name was “Belogorsk 19”. The snow-covered Soviet factory town, bisected by an ice-bound river, can be captured from a variety of directions, but it is well under fire from the surrounding hills, which offer numerous cover, firing positions and routes. Removed from the game in update 0.9.5.

Hidden Village

The most sheltered direction is at the foot of the mountain, which is perfect for heavy equipment. Fast and maneuverable vehicles can be used to storm a village, but you should be wary of the enemy lurking on the hill. Altitude control provides a tangible tactical advantage.

Stalingrad

Dense urban development in the center of the map allows you to use various tactics. The open embankment is well suited for quick battles and maneuverable vehicles.

Swamp

The game location is a low-lying wetland. The roads running along the flanks allow you to choose a place for an attack or conduct diversionary maneuvers. The swamp in the center of the map is not only an obstacle, but also a tactically important object.

Good day everyone! In this post we will talk about the types geographical maps. I have previously written a short article about, but now we will talk about this in more detail.

Since ancient times, in order to display and transmit information about the surface of the Earth to other people, people have created maps.

Today cards are a part of our daily life. We encounter them in weather forecasts, in guidebooks, when planning a trip and on the road.

Types of geographical maps.

We are best known general geographical maps. Such maps show the main elements of the area (vegetation, relief, settlements). Thematic maps focus on individual elements, such as temperature.

Maps are constantly updated to reflect constant changes, such as new borders, demolition of old buildings, road construction... In the 1990s. after the collapse of the USSR, cartographers had to revise political maps Eastern Europe and the former USSR.

Geographical atlases.

Geographical atlas is a systematic collection of geographical maps. The main feature of a modern atlas is the internal unity of all the maps that are included in it.

This is achieved by using comparable projections, symbols, scales, general principles design, methods of depiction, etc. It is believed that the ancient Greek scientist (2nd century AD) compiled the first geographical atlas.

Atlases include general geographical maps of the world and individual regions , and also individual thematic(climatic, population, economic maps, etc.)

Regional and national boundaries are displayed, as well as the names of administrative and political units, and other major population centers. Each state and each administrative-territorial unit is painted in different colors.

Irregularities on the surface of the Earth on modern physical (relief) maps, most often shown using a hypsometric color scale (shades of blue indicate the seabed, brown - mountains, green - lowlands).

The relief image is given additional plasticity and clarity by shadow shading and shading. In some cases, a photorelief is applied to the hypsometric image to convey shadow plasticity.

The position of individual peaks relative to sea level is shown by elevation marks.

Topographic maps.

Topographic maps also refer to general geographical, since they depict not only elements of hydrography and relief, but also artificial structures, including communications and settlements, superimposed on the natural landscape.

For example, on fairly detailed topographic maps at a scale of 1:50,000 (1 cm 500 m), in addition to the socio-economic and natural objects of the area with all their inherent quantitative and qualitative features and location characteristics using contour lines (usually brown lines that connect points with the same height) shows the relief.

Of course, there are maps on a larger scale, including city plans, which show individual buildings, private houses, gardens...

In modern society general geographical maps(in particular, topographic) are increasingly used. For example, such maps are used in orienteering.

This sport originated in Scandinavia, and it requires the ability to recognize map elements on the ground, determine the direction (azimuth) of movement, etc. Navigation maps of the coastal zone are used in sailing.

Thematic maps.

Thematic maps contain information about the structure, location, weather, etc. Such cards are divided into several types.

On isolinear maps Different types of lines are widely used that connect points with the same value of a certain element.

On synoptic and climate maps, areas with the same pressure are connected by isobars, with the same temperatures - by isotherms, and with the same precipitation - by isohyets.

On many thematic maps To express quantitative characteristics, conventional coloring and designation are used.

For example, on population maps, the urban population is shown by small circles of different diameters and the degree of their concentration.

On cartograms, the use of different colors or different saturations of the same color to color individual areas directly corresponds to a quantitative indicator of a certain characteristic (crime level, birth rate, population density).

The attention of users of such maps is focused on statistics - the main element of the cartogram.

Topological maps are very visual. On such maps, migration or trade flows are shown with arrows or lines, the width of which reflects the intensity of the process.

Very often, topological maps are compiled without observing the image scale, this is in order to facilitate the perception of the main topic.

For example, for a passenger in the diagrams transport routes The main thing is to quickly find the desired station and determine the route.

Many maps also display the results of scientific research. For example, geological maps show the structure of a certain section of the earth's crust; such maps are used by geographers, geologists, and are also used when laying iron and highways, during the construction of buildings.

On geochemical maps concentrations of chemical elements in rocks are shown, soil maps- types . Epidemiological maps highlight the areas of certain diseases, this helps scientists determine the causes of these diseases.

How to use the card.

The capabilities of maps are largely limited by their scale - the degree to which lines and distances on the map are reduced in comparison with their actual sizes on the ground.

The capabilities of the map are limited in many respects by its scale - the ratio of the size of the object shown on the map to its actual size.

To show a river or road to scale on a map, one would have to draw very thin lines, so thin that they could only be seen under a microscope.

On a 1:10,000 scale map, a two-millimeter line would correspond to 20 meters, and on a 1:250,000 scale map it would correspond to 500 meters.

This is why cartographers very often simplify some elements and convey only their characteristic outlines (for example, without trying to accurately depict every bend and width of the river).

Precision and detail.

The limited scope of many details is another drawback of many maps. So, for example, on topographic maps ah 1:50,000 covered wooded areas and buildings, but missed the sewer network and underground passages.

However, many maps contain a large amount of varied information. Geological maps Using symbols and different colors, they give physical characteristics of relief-forming rocks and show their structure.

Geologists, by comparing the outlines of landforms with the boundaries of different geological layers, have the opportunity to determine the nature of their occurrence and the location of their emergence to the surface.

Reading the map.

It is very important to be able to read a map, including understanding what the symbols on the map mean on the ground.

For example, the absence of surface runoff in a rainy area can tell geographers that the map shows a limestone landscape, which means that surface water flows into underground voids.

The emergence of springs on the surface, which are located in one row, indicates the presence of a boundary between waterproof and aquiferous rock, which delays the flow of groundwater.

Innovations in cartography.

The method of space mapping has been widely used recently. The essence of this method is the compilation of thematic and topographic maps directly from space survey data.

This mapping method is highly economical. It is especially effective when updating and compiling maps of territories that are poorly studied, replenishing their content, showing those phenomena that are visible only from high altitudes (global faults, for example), compiling maps for a specific date (synoptic maps), mapping the dynamics of a phenomenon.

The use of geographic information systems (GIS) is the latest advancement in cartography. GIS is a computer technology for analyzing and mapping objects real world, as well as events taking place on our planet.

This technology combines traditional database operations, such as statistical analysis and query, with the benefits of rich visualization geographical analysis, which the card provides.

All these capabilities distinguish GIS from other information systems, and also provide unique opportunities for its use in a wide range of tasks that are associated with the forecast and analysis of phenomena and events in the surrounding world, with the identification and understanding of the main causes and factors, as well as their possible consequences, with planning of strategic decisions and current consequences of the actions taken.

GIS is used in almost all areas of human activity - from analyzing such global problems as reduction of forest land, overpopulation, natural disasters, pollution of the territory, to solving specific problems, such as selecting the optimal location of a new office, finding the best route between points, laying a pipeline along localities, searching for a house by address, a variety of municipal tasks.

Information services.

In cartography, not so long ago they began to use a world coordinate system that uses satellite signals.“GPS” is a global navigation system, also known as “Navstar” (Navigation System with Time and Ranging), designed to transmit navigation signals that can be simultaneously received in all regions of the world.

The first regular orbital constellation of the system deployed from June 1989 to March 1994: 24 spacecraft were launched into orbit. In 1995, GPS was finally put into operation.

Maintenance and operation are carried out by the Ministry of Defense. All over the world the system is used to solve both military navigation problems and civilian ones.

The GPS receiver allows you to determine the speed of movement of an object, the exact time and its (latitude and longitude).

The procedure for determining coordinates on the ground has become accessible and simple thanks to the advent of inexpensive GPS receivers, and this also gave impetus to the development of electronic cartography systems.

Nowadays, this system is used in aero and sea navigation, and in geodesy. The geographic information service allows you to plot a route based on computer processing of geographic data in digital form.

Thus, we looked at the types of geographical maps that are constantly being improved and become more detailed and accurate, and this is very good for studying our Earth and for helping people navigate 😉

Each card has scale– a number that shows how many centimeters on the ground correspond to one centimeter on the map.

Map scale usually indicated on it. Entry 1: 100,000,000 means that if the distance between two points on the map is 1 cm, then the distance between the corresponding points on its terrain is 100,000,000 cm.

May be specified in numerical form as a fraction– numerical scale (for example, 1: 200,000). Or may be designated in linear form: as a simple line or strip divided into units of length (usually kilometers or miles).

The larger the scale of the map, the more detailed the elements of its content can be depicted on it, and vice versa, the smaller the scale, the more extensive the space can be shown on the map sheet, but the terrain on it is depicted in less detail.

The scale is a fraction, the numerator of which is one. To determine which scale is larger and by how many times, remember the rule for comparing fractions with the same numerators: of two fractions with the same numerators, the one with the smaller denominator is larger.

The ratio of the distance on the map (in centimeters) to the corresponding distance on the ground (in centimeters) is equal to the map scale.

How will this knowledge help us when solving problems in mathematics?

Example 1.

Let's look at two cards. A distance of 900 km between points A and B corresponds to a distance of 3 cm on one map. A distance of 1,500 km between points C and D corresponds to a distance of 5 cm on another map. Let us prove that the scales of the maps are the same.

Solution.

Let's find the scale of each map.

900 km = 90,000,000 cm;

the scale of the first map is: 3: 90,000,000 = 1: 30,000,000.

1500 km = 150,000,000 cm;

the scale of the second map is: 5: 150,000,000 = 1: 30,000,000.

Answer. The scales of the maps are the same, i.e. equal to 1: 30,000,000.

Example 2.

Map scale – 1: 1,000,000. Let’s find the distance between points A and B on the ground, if on the map
AB = 3.42 cm?

Solution.

Let's create an equation: the ratio AB = 3.42 cm on the map to the unknown distance x (in centimeters) is equal to the ratio between the same points A and B on the ground to the map scale:

3.42: x = 1: 1,000,000;

x · 1 = 3.42 · 1,000,000;

x = 3,420,000 cm = 34.2 km.

Answer: the distance between points A and B on the ground is 34.2 km.

Example 3

The map scale is 1: 1,000,000. The distance between points on the ground is 38.4 km. What is the distance between these points on the map?

Solution.

The ratio of the unknown distance x between points A and B on the map to the distance in centimeters between the same points A and B on the ground is equal to the scale of the map.

38.4 km = 3,840,000 cm;

x: 3,840,000 = 1: 1,000,000;

x = 3,840,000 · 1: 1,000,000 = 3.84.

Answer: the distance between points A and B on the map is 3.84 cm.

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